Progressive Neurodegenerative Disorders

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A debilitating neurodegenerative disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

What are the dominant features of Multiple Sclerosis?

Inflammation, primary demyelination, and neurodegeneration.

What is the prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis around the world?

Higher rates in North America and Europe, lower rates in Eastern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

What age is the peak onset for Multiple Sclerosis?

30 years old.

What are the signs and symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

Motor, sensory, visual disturbances, cognitive disturbances, fatigue, emotional changes, and muscle weakness.

What is the purpose of the McDonald criteria in diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis?

To exclude alternative neurological conditions that share similar symptoms and identify MS based on combinations of clinical symptoms and test results.

What are the types of MS?

Benign, Relapse Remitting Nonprogressive, Relapse Remitting Progressive.

What is Parkinson's Disease (PD)?

A motor system disorder characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and presence of Lewy bodies.

What are some common signs and symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?

Cognitive impairments, visual perceptual disorders, tremors, bradykinesia, fatigue, and emotional disorders.

What are the main diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's Disease?

Observation of current behaviors and signs, elimination of neurodegenerative diseases, and response to medication.

What are the main types of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

Sporadic and Familial.

What are common risk factors for developing Familial ALS?

Having 1st or 2nd degree relatives with ALS.

What is the typical age of onset for Sporadic ALS?

Between 40 to 70 years old.

What is Riluzole, and what is its effect on ALS?

It is the most common medication for ALS that only increases survivability for 3-6 months.

What is the role of a multidisciplinary approach in ALS management?

To optimize patient care by involving various professionals such as occupational therapists, physical therapists, pulmonologists, and speech-language pathologists.