Tv4101 - Repro (Bovine) - Induction of Abortion/Parturition

Induction of abortion in cattle

When CAN’T we use PGF2α? Why?

Up to 7 days gestation

Corpus luteum is NOT responsive to PGF2α at time

Induction of abortion in cattle (All cattle)

What products can we use to destroy solely the CL? When is this applicable?

Natural PGF2α (Dinoprost: 25 mg IM) or Synthetic PGF (Cloprostenol 250 μg IM)

Between ~ 7 to 120-150 days of gestation

Induction of abortion in cattle (All cattle)

What products must we use to cause abortion if BOTH the CL and Placenta are making progesterone?

When is this appicable?

Combo of PGF2α & Dexamethasone (25 mg IM)

> 120-150 days of gestation (Because the placental take over time quite varies)

Induction of abortion in cattle

We’ve given an injection to induce abortion, what next? Why is this important?

Reassess for foetal viability and repeat the injection 7 days from the first or second injection

Incomplete response to one/two injection/s can occur

Reassess good to find mummification or maceration

Induction of abortion in cattle

What products can be used not in DAIRY cattle in very early gestation?

What days?

How does it work?

▪ Diethylstilbestrol 40-80 mg IM or

▪ Oestradiol Valerate, or Benzoate, or Cypionate 4-8 mg IM

Within 1-3 days of gestation

Oviductal embryo transport disrupted > terminate pregnancy

Induction of abortion in cattle

What products can be used not in DAIRY cattle later in gestation?

What days?

How does it work?

Not really used

▪ Diethylstilbestrol 150 mg IM or

▪ Oestradiol Valerate, or Benzoate, or Cypionate 10-20 mg IM

7 to 120-150 days of gestation

Cause luteolysis > terminate pregnancy

Induction of parturition in cattle

Induction of parturition ONLY be done when?

Briefly what products can we use?

Within 2 weeks of expected calving date

1. PGF2alpha

2. Short ating CCS

3. PGF2α & short-acting CCS combo

4. Combo of long-acting CCS and short-acting CCS or PGF2α

PGF2α to Induce parturition in cattle

When is it allowed to use? Why?

Products used?

When is calving to be expected? When should we intervene if this doesn’t occur?

ONLY within 2 weeks of the expected calving date – To ensure viable calves

Natural PGF2α (Dinoprost: 25 mg IM) or Synthetic PGF (Cloprostenol 500 μg IM)

Calving can be expected within 24-72 h (mean ~48 h) - Rx again if cows don’t calve in 72 h

Inducing at > 2 weeks from expected calving date associated with?

▪ 10-20% induction failure

▪ Higher incidence of retained placenta

▪ Higher incidence of dystocia due to malpresentation

▪ Increases calf mortality or reduced birth and weaning weights (especially in beef herds)

Short-acting corticosteroids to Induce parturition in cattle

When to do? Why?

Products?

When is calving expected? When to intervene?

ONLY within 2 weeks of the expected calving date – To ensure viable calves

Dexamethasone (20-30 mg IM) or Flumethasone (8-10 mg IM)

Calving can be expected within 24-72 h (mean ~48 h) - Rx again if cows don’t calve in 72 h

Inducing at < 2 weeks from expected calving date associated with?

▪ 80-90% induction efficacy

▪ Relaxation of pelvic ligaments, cervical dilation, filling of udder occurs rapidly

▪ Stages of labor and parturition process is normal

▪ Fewer cases of retained placenta

PGF2α & Short-acting corticosteroids to

Induce parturition in cattle

When do?

Products?

ONLY within 2 weeks of the expected calving date

Natural PGF2α (Dinoprost: 25 mg IM) or Synthetic PGF (Cloprostenol 500 μg IM) combined with

Dexamethasone (20-30 mg IM) or Flumethasone (8-10 mg IM)

PGF2α & Short-acting corticosteroids to

Induce parturition in cattle

A combination of treatments associated with?

▪ PGF – removes P4 from CL

▪ Dexamethasone – reduces P4 from placenta

▪ Improved response rate

▪ Reduced variability from treatment to calving among cows

Long-acting corticosteroid followed by Short-acting

corticosteroids or PGF2α to Induce parturition in cattle

When do?

First tx?

Second tx?

When does calving occur?

ONLY within 2 weeks of the expected calving date

First Tx

• Long CCS: Dexamethasone trimethyl acetate (25 mg IM)

  Or Triamcinolone acetonide (4-8 mg IM)

Second Tx (8-12 days later)

• Short CCS: Dexamethasone (20-30 mg IM)

  / Flumethasone (8-10 mg IM)

• OR Natural PGF (Dinoprost: 25 mg IM) / Synthetic PGF

  (Cloprostenol 500 μg IM)

Most cows calve between 24-48 h after the second treatment

If a dairy cow is selected for elective induction, they need to follow criteria from the AUS dairy industry.

What do these guidlines say about..

Age?

BCS?

Time before calving date?

Health?

3-8 yrs (no heifers)

4.5-5.5 out of 8

6-12 weeks from the expected calving

Overall, in good health - free from mastitis or history of

severe milk fever.

If a dairy cow is selected for elective induction, they need to follow criteria from the AUS dairy industry.

What do these guidlines say about..

Checking?

Drying off?

Calve treatment?

Pregnancy check to confirm the stage of gestation prior to

induction.

Dried off for at least 6-8 weeks prior to induction

Ensure calves will be treated humanely

▪ Non-viable calves – euthanized immediately.

▪ Viable calves – extra neonatal care.

If a dairy cow is selected for elective induction, they need to follow criteria from the AUS dairy industry.

What do these guidlines say about..

Drug used?

Circumstances outside of control?

Induce with Dexamethasone trimethyl acetate (25 mg

IM) or Triamcinolone acetonide (4-8 mg IM)

A dispensation may be granted under exceptional

circumstances beyond a farmers control such as severe

weather events or farmer’s health issues.

Sheep gest length?

Gestation length is ~ 144-151 days

Sheep Gestation

Main sources of progesterone and the dates they do this?

CL - 0-50d

Placenta - 50d-147d

Overlapping period: 30-70d

Induction of abortion in sheep

To induce when the CL is the sole P4 source when to tx? Why?

Products?

~ 5 to 50 days of gestation (Corpus luteum is NOT responsive to PGF2α up to ~ 5 days)

Natural PGF2α (Dinoprost: 12.5 mg IM) or Synthetic PGF (Cloprostenol 250 μg IM)

Induction of abortion in sheep

To induce when both the CL and Placenta? Why?

Products?

> 50 days of gestation (Because the placental take over time quite varies)

Combo of PGF2α & Dexamethasone (15-20 mg IM)

Induction of abortion in sheep

After tx, what do?

Reassess for foetal viability and repeat the injection 7 days from the first

Incomplete response to one injection can occur

Reassessment also helps to identify cases of mummification or maceration

Induction of parturition in sheep

When do?

Products? When use?

When should we see lamb?

Other options to use?

ONLY within 1 week of the expected lambing date – To ensure viable lambs

Dexamethasone (15-20 mg IM) or Estradiol Benzoate (2-20 mg IM) can be used to induce parturition after 140 days of gestation

36-48 hours after Dexamethasone or EB injection

Other options are Betamethasone, Flumethasone, or Epostane

Goat Gestaiton length?

When is the corpus luteum the major source of P4?

Gestation length is ~ 147-155 days

CL - 0-150d (the entire gestation is sole P4 source)

Induction of abortion in goats

When can we do this? Why?

Products?

Induce abortion from > 4 days of gestation . Corpus luteum is NOT responsive to PGF2α up to ~ 4 days of gestation

Dinoprost (Natural PGF2α): 5-10 mg IM

Cloprostenol (Synthetic PGF2α): 75-100 μg/45 kg of BW IM

Induction of abortion in goats

After tx, what do?

Reassess for foetal viability and repeat the injection 7 days from the first injection (Same deal as sheep)

Induction of parturition in goats

When do?

Products (for normal goats? When kids?

ONLY after 144 days of gestation

Dinoprost (Natural PGF2α): 5-10 mg IM OR Cloprostenol (Synthetic PGF2α): 75-100 μg/45 kg of BW IM - – Kidding within 30-36 h

Dexamethasone (10-20 mg IM) or Estradiol Benzoate (12.5-25 mg IM) can also be used

Induction of parturition in goats

Pregnancy toxemic does what use?

Why?

Dexamethasone 10-20 mg IM and 6-12 h later give PGF2α IM.

To enhance foetal maturation and improve post-induction survivability

Pigs Gestation length

When is the CL the sole source of P4?

Gestation length is ~ 113-117 days

CL 0-115d (sole source entire gestation)

Induction of abortion in pigs

When do? Why?

Products?

> 12 days of gestation. (Cl not responsive to PGF2alpha until then)

Dinoprost (Natural PGF2α): 10 mg IM

Cloprostenol (Synthetic PGF2α): 175 μg IM

Induction of parturition in pigs

When do?

Products? When farrow?

ONLY after 110 days of gestation

Dinoprost (Natural PGF2α): 10 mg IM OR Cloprostenol (Synthetic PGF2α): 175 μg IM - Farrowing within 20-36 h

Induction of parturition in pigs

To improve synchrony of farrowing what do?

1. PGF2α at 12 pm (noon) - day before the expected farrowing date

2. Oxytocin 5-10 IU IM - 8 am on the following day (20 h after PGF2α injection)

3. Most sows will farrow within 6 hours from the Oxytocin injection (Day time & working hours)

Potential consequences*** of induction of abortion?

1. Often done during early gestation.

2. Rx of choice is depending on species and stage of gestation.

3. Best to recheck in about a week and repeat the same Rx to ensure abortion across all species****

4. May ended up in foetal mummification (less likely maceration)***

5. Could result in retained placenta***

Indications for induction of parturition

Historically practised with who?

Why?

In seasonal calving dairy herds

▪ To avoid late calvers.

▪ To have synchronized calving and thereby synchronized lactation.

▪ To have easier management at the time of calving and management of neonates in cohorts.

(Allow to have closer observation & take immediate actions)

Indications for induction of parturition

Life preservation aspects?

Preserve the life of dams with:

▪ Excessive udder edema.

▪ Severe metabolic diseases such as pregnancy toxemia.

▪ Reproductive conditions such as hydrops.

▪ Or to have scheduled C-section

Indications for induction of parturition

Elective aspect?

As an elective procedure:

▪ Where a dispensation may be granted under exceptional circumstances beyond a farmers control

such as severe weather events or farmer’s health issues.

Potential consequences of induction of parturition

If induced away from parturition date

In terms of Rx?

▪ Reduced response rate.

▪ High variability among animals from Rx to parturition time.

Potential consequences of induction of parturition

If induced away from parturition date

Dam aspects?

▪ Inadequate relaxation of pelvic ligaments,

cervical softening, reproductive tract

secretions – Dystocia.

▪ Foetus poor presentation - Dystocia

▪ Poor udder development and

absence of (or reduced) colostrum.

▪ Higher incidence of retained placenta.

▪ Subsequent reproductive performance and

milk yield are reduced.

Potential consequences of induction of parturition

If induced away from parturition date

Neonate aspects?

▪ Inadequate foetal maturation

▪ Reduce chance for survival

Potential consequences of induction of parturition

If induced closer to parturition date

Neonate aspects?

▪ Adequate foetal maturation

▪ Increase chance for survival

Potential consequences of induction of parturition

If induced closer to parturition date

Dam aspects?

▪ Adequate relaxation of pelvic ligaments,

cervical softening, reproductive tract

secretions – Eutocia.

▪ Foetal presentation is proper - Eutocia

▪ Udder development and presence of

colostrum are adequate.

▪ Lesser incidence of retained placenta.

▪ Subsequent reproductive performance and

milk yield generally normal.

Potential consequences of induction of parturition

If induced closer to parturition date

Rx aspects?

▪ Good response rate.

▪ Reduced variability among animals from Rx

to parturition time.

Indications for induction of abortion

Broad reasons?

Mismating

Preserve the life of dams

Feedlot heifers

Indications for induction of abortion

Mismating, why?

Heifers/Ewes/Does being too young at mating and parturition – prone to dystocia, inc neonatal mortality, retarded growth of dams and neonates, and reduced lifetime performance

Indications for induction of abortion

Life preservation, why?

Preserve the life of dams with:

▪ Hydrops amnion or hydrops allantois

▪ Fetal maceration or mummification

Indications for induction of abortion

Feedlot heifers aspects?

▪ Allow heifers for about 2-3 weeks to adjust to the feedlot.

• Inducing abortion at arrival > increase stress > prone to respiratory diseases

Perform pregnancy check and separate pregnant from non-pregnant.

▪ By stage of gestation choose the drug of choice to induce abortion in pregnant heifers.

▪ Growth promoting agents that contains progestins should be withheld until after abortion occurs.

▪ > 7 to 120-150 days of gestation: PGF2α

▪ > 120-150 days of gestation: PGF2α & Dexamethasone combination

▪ Abortion occurs within 3-9 days in about 95% of heifers