M1 - Chapter 3 (Cell Structure and Function)

Antibiotics

Chemicals that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria

Cell Theory

The scientific concept stating that all living things are made of cells, and every new cell comes from the division of a pre-existing cell

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles and have DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Cell Membrane

A semipermeable phospholipid and protein bilayer that encloses all cells and controls the passage of molecules

Cytoplasm

The gelatinous, aqueous interior of a cell

Ribosomes

Complexes of RNA and protein that synthesize new proteins

Nucleus

The eukaryotic organelle that encloses the cell's DNA

Cell Wall

A rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells, made of peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan

A rigid polymer made of sugars and amino acids that allows bacteria to survive in watery environments

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane [9].

Isotonic

A solution where solute concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell, causing water to flow in and out at the same rate

Hypotonic

A solution where the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, causing water to flow inward and swell the cell

Hypertonic

A solution where the solute concentration is higher outside the cell, causing water to flow outward and shrivel the cell

Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a cell wall containing peptidoglycan that retains the Gram stain

Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria with an outer lipid layer on their cell wall that prevents penicillin from reaching the peptidoglycan underneath

Simple Diffusion

The natural tendency of dissolved substances to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without requiring energy

Transport Proteins

Proteins acting as channels, carriers, or pumps to move specific substances across cell membranes

Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of large or hydrophilic solutes across a membrane from an area of higher to lower concentration with the help of transport proteins, requiring no energy

Active Transport

An energy-requiring process where transport proteins pump solutes toward the side of the membrane with a higher concentration

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membrane-covered pipes where proteins and lipids are synthesized

Golgi Apparatus

Stacked membranous discs that receive proteins from the ER, then package and transport them

Mitochondria

Organelles that extract energy from food and convert it into a useful form

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plants and algae that capture and convert sunlight energy into a usable form during photosynthesis

Lysosomes

Organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down worn-out cell parts and food molecules

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that provides cell support, aids cell movement, and moves structures within the cell

Endosymbiosis Theory

The theory that free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming mitochondria and chloroplasts

Are bacterial and human ribosomes structurally different?

yes!

Why does streptomycin only jams the bacterial ribosome?

bacterial ribosomes and human ribosomes are structurally different from each other.

Cytoskeleton