Chemistry XII - Halogen Derivatives Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the preparation, reactions, and physical properties of halogen derivatives based on the XII Chemistry lecture notes.

Swartz reaction

A specific method used to synthesize alkyl fluorides by heating alkyl chlorides or bromides with metallic fluorides such as $AgF$, $Hg_2F_2$, $AsF_3$, or $SbF_3$.

Chiral molecule

A molecule containing an asymmetric carbon atom bonded to four distinct groups, such as 2-bromobutane which identifies as a chiral molecule.

Butanenitrile preparation

Prepared by heating n-propyl chloride with $KCN$, adding one carbon to the $3$-carbon chain through nucleophilic substitution.

SN2 Reaction reactivity

Governed by steric hindrance, where methyl halides ($CH_3X$) are the most reactive due to having the lowest steric hindrance.

Dichlorocarbene source

Chloroform ($CHCl_3$) is used as a source because, in the presence of a strong base, it undergoes alpha-elimination of $HCl$ to form the reactive intermediate $:CCl_2$.

Alkyl halide reaction with Silver Nitrite ($AgNO_2$)

Produces Nitroalkane ($R-NO_2$) as the major product because $AgNO_2$ is a covalent compound where the nitrogen lone pair acts as the nucleophilic center.

DDT

The chemical name is p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, with an IUPAC name of $1,1,1$-trichloro-$2,2$-bis($4$-chlorophenyl)methane.

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, possessing identical properties except for the direction they rotate plane-polarized light.

sec-butyl chloride

The common name for the IUPAC entity $2$-Chlorobutane.

neo-pentyl chloride

The common name for the IUPAC entity $1$-Chloro-$2,2$-dimethylpropane.

Wurtz Reaction

The reaction of an alkyl halide with $Na$ in dry ether to form a higher alkane; for example, ethyl bromide forms n-Butane: $2CH_3CH_2Br + 2Na \rightarrow CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 + 2NaBr$.

Grignard Reagent Formation

The reaction of an alkyl halide, such as ethyl bromide, with magnesium ($Mg$) in dry ether to form Ethylmagnesium bromide ($CH_3CH_2MgBr$).

Finkelstein's reaction

An alkyl halide exchange reaction where an alkyl chloride or bromide is reacted with Sodium Iodide ($NaI$) in dry acetone to prepare an alkyl iodide.

SN1 Mechanism

A two-step process following first-order kinetics ($Rate = k[R-X]$) involving a carbocation intermediate and leading to racemization.

SN2 Mechanism

A one-step simultaneous process following second-order kinetics ($Rate = k[R-X][Nu^-]$) leading to complete inversion of configuration, known as Walden Inversion.

Dextrorotatory (d-form)

An optical isomer that rotates plane-polarized light to the right.

Laevorotatory (l-form)

An optical isomer that rotates plane-polarized light to the left.

Dow's Process

A method to yield Phenol by reacting Chlorobenzene with $NaOH$ at $623\text{ K}$ and $300\text{ atm}$ pressure.

Optical activity

The chemical property where chiral substances rotate the absolute plane of orientation of plane-polarized light.

Plane polarized light

Light waves whose oscillations are strictly restricted to a single parallel geometric plane.

Racemic mixture

An equimolar, $1:1$ solution of dextrorotatory and laevorotatory enantiomers demonstrating zero net optical activity.

Fittig Reaction

The conversion of chlorobenzene to biphenyl using sodium in dry ether: $2C_6H_5Cl + 2Na \rightarrow C_6H_5-C_6H_5 + 2NaCl$.

Ethyl Isocyanide formation

The result of reacting Ethyl bromide ($CH_3CH_2Br$) with $AgCN$ to produce $CH_3CH_2NC$.