Science Olympiad-Designer Genes -TK

Adenine and Guanine

What are the two purines of DNA?

Cytosine and Thymine

What are the two pyrimidines of DNA?

Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, nitrogenous base

What does the structure of a DNA nucleotide look like?

RNA=Uracil

DNA=double strand

RNA=single strand

DNA=Thymine

What are two differences between DNA and RNA?

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

What does DNA stand for?

Genes

What do chromosomes contain?

Determine traits

What do genes do?

Different Alleles

Why don't siblings look exactly like each other and have the exact same traits?

The double helix can be split in half to allow different base pairs to connect with each other

How does the structure of DNA allow for replication to occur?

DNA controls all the functions for your cells.

What is the function of DNA?

To make proteins

What is the function of RNA?

Nucleus

Where does transcription occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does translation occur?

ATT TGC GAC ACT TAA CAT

Translate this sequence from DNA into RNA:

UAA ACG CUG UTC AUU AUC

A base pair is switched

What does a missense mutation do?

The sequence is prematurely stopped

What does a nonsense mutation do?

A letter is inserted into the sequence

What happens in an insertion mutation?

A letter is deleted from the sequence

What happens in a deletion mutation?

Chromosomes have a centromere in the middle and are two sister chromatids joined together by this centromere

What is the structure of chromosomes?

To store the DNA and genes

What is the function of chromosomes?

They built a model of the DNA to show how it was put together

What did Watson and Crick contribute to the discovery of DNA structure?

Because we can't let DNA go out of the nucleus for risk of damage

Why do we make DNA into mRNA?

mRNA strand

Where would you find a codon?

tRNA strand

Where would you find the anti-codon?

identical DNA

How would the DNA in two sister chromatids compare to each other?

They would have the same genes but different alleles

How would the DNA in two homologous chromosomes compare together?

They would have two of the same allele

Describe the alleles of a homozygous individual:

Growth

Name one purpose of DNA

Phenotype=physical attributes

Genotype=genetic structure

Describe the difference between Genotype and Phenotype

Reproduction

What is the role of meiosis?

4

How many daughter cells are created in Meiosis?

Haploid=1 copy

Diploid= 2 copies of every cell

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Interphase

What is the stage that most cells spend their lives in?

A,T,G,C, phosphates and sugar

What 6 components would you expect to find in DNA?

Nitrogenous

Fill in the blank:

A,T,G,C are _____________base models.

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base

What 3 molecules you would find in the nucleotide?

Pyrimidine

If you have a purine on one side, of the DNA molecule, what do you have on the other side?

Nitrogen Base

Which part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?

The DNA needs to be on the same side

What needs to happen first in DNA replication?

Histones

What do we call the proteins in DNA?

Genes, Alleles

Fill in the blanks:

Homologous chromosomes have the same______, but have different_____.

Because the protein was much more complex

Why did people think that protein held the information for the genetic code rather than the DNA?

3 dominant, 1 recessive

If you were to cross 2 heterozygous individuals, what would the ratio be?

DNA, protein

Fill in the blanks:

The genetic info stored in the_____is used to make a ______.

Double helix of base pairs that is generally many base pairs long

What is the structure of a chromosome?

Mitosis

Which process produces genetically identical cells?

Cytokinesis

The method by which a cell's cytoplasm divides is called______.

Gene

The piece of DNA that codes for a protein is a

23, 46

For humans, the haploid number is_____and the diploid number is_____.

Only two forms

Complete dominance refers to traits that have __________.

Uracil in RNA, Thymine in DNA

What is the base that is different in RNA than in DNA?

A gene is a part of DNA while an allele is different versions of the same gene

What is the difference between genes and alleles?

Phenotype= Physical appearance

Genotype= Genetic structure

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Homozygous means you have two of the same alleles and heterozygous means you have two different alleles for the same gene

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

2:2:0

If a punnet square had 3 dominant traits of T and one recessive trait, what would the ratio be?

0:4:0

If a punnet square had 2 dominant traits of M and 2 recessive traits, what would the ratio be?

He crossbred two varieties of peas to see the results

Summarize Mendel's experiment:

That gametes combine randomly in forming offspring

Summarize Mendel's first law:

Law of Segregation

What was Mendel's first law called?

Law of Independent Assortment

What was Mendel's second called?

The alleles of one gene are distributed independently of one another

Summarize Mendel's second law:

G1, Synthesis, G2, Mitosis

What are the four stages of the cell cycle in order?

Centromeres divide and the chromatids are split

What happens in Anaphase of mitosis?

Nucleus, DNA, chromosomes

The_______ is where ____is stored in ______.

Chromatin

The complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes

Histones

The proteins in DNA

G1, Synthesis, G2, Mitosis

What are the four stages of the cell cycle in order?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

What are the six stages of Mitosis in order?

No, it's a prep phase.

Is Interphase a stage of Mitosis or not?

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes that come in pairs

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

Dominant

An allele that only needs one gene copy to be shown

Recessive

An allele that needs two copies to be shown

Homozygous

It is when both alleles are the same for this gene. This has two possibilities

Heterozygous

An individual has two different alleles for that gene. There is always a dominant and recessive allele.

Polymer

a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

Monomer

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Allele

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color

X-ray Diffraction

Technique in which x-rays scientists can see the shadow of a molecule.

In chromosomes

Where is DNA stored?

In the nucleus of a cell

Where are chromosomes located?

Histones

What the proteins wrapped around DNA called?

Genes

What encodes the traits?

Homologous

What are pairs of chromosomes called?

Dominant and Recessive

What are the two types of phenotypes?

Deoxyribose Sugar, Phospate Group, Nitrogenous Base

What are the 3 parts of a DNA Nucleotide?

Thymine

What goes with Adenine?

Cytosine

What goes with Guanine?

3

How many Hydrogen bonds are formed with G&C?

2

How many Hydrogen bonds are formed with A&T?

Gregor Mendel

Who was the first researcher to unlock the secrets of inheritance?

2

How many copies of genes do parents have?

Genes

What molecule holds the info of the DNA?

Punnet Squares

How can we predict the outcome of traits?

Nitrogenous base

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine are examples of _____models.

Pyrimidine

If you have a purine on one side what do you have on the other side?

Cytosine and Thymine

What bases are Pyrimidines?

Adenine and Guanine

What bases are Purines?

The Nitrogenous Base

What part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?