Short Answer Questions

Name and explain the 3 components of the Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins,1987) ^6 marks

• Ideal self

• “-” person you want to be (goals & desires)

• Actual self

• “-” person you currently are (own self-perception)

• Ought self

• “-” person you should be (obligations & role in society)

Name and explain the 3 components of the Self-Discrepancy Theory. Provide an example of what happens when there is a discrepancy between the components (Higgins, 1987) ^8 marks

• Ideal self

• “-” person you want to be (goals & desires)

• Actual self

• “-” person you currently are (own self-perception)

• Ought self

• “-” person you should be (obligations & role in society)

• Discrepancies would cause emotional vulnerability 

• Discrepancy between actual/ideal = dejection (low self-esteem)

• Discrepancy between actual/ought = agitation (guilt)

Describe the 4 stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development ^8 marks

Compare and contrast Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development with Vygotsky’s social-cultural Theory of Cognitive Development ^8 marks

BOTH:

• See children as active learners who construct their own knowlegde

• Focus on child-centred learning/is a child centred approach

Mary Ainsworth conducted research into attachment. Discuss the methods and results of Ainsworth et al (1978) ^8 marks

Compare and contrast the findings of the Case of Genie (Curtiss, 1977) with the Czech Twins from Koluchova (1972) ^6 marks 

A father would like to encourage his daughter to perform prosocial acts and to be charitable on Children in Need day. Explain the methods and findings of Bandura's 1963 Bobo Doll study ^8marks

• 4-5 year olds watched an adult play in 4 conditions

• Name all 4 conditions

• Live condition had most number of aggressive acts in comparison to all other conditions

• Video had more than cartoon, cartoon had more than control

A father would like to encourage his daughter to perform prosocial acts and to be charitable on Children in Need day. Outline how you would advise the father based on the research and theory ^8 marks

• SLT (outline & apply to father's prosocial behaviour so daughter can imitate)- meditational processes

• Spanking study Straus (different experiences e.g. vicarious/physical can be applied to father & child)- mention ASB and what could impact it

• Modelling study (Rushton)-would children imitate adult giving coin to less fortunate?

• Vicarious experience (Hornstein)

• Biological perspective e.g. kin selection (father & daughter)

^father could reinforce daughter both positive & negative (apply results to father)

A primary school teacher is concerned about climate change and would like to promote recycling amongst the children in the class. Outline Latane and Darley's Bystander 1970 model ^8 marks

• Definition of bystander effect: people are less likely to help in an emergency (explain emergency)

• Talk about 5 stages

*all about cognitions until person actually gives help

A primary school teacher is concerned about climate change and would like to promote recycling amongst the children in the class. Highlight 3 strategies that could be used to reduce bystander behaviour and promote recycling. You should support your points with research evidence ^8 marks

• Latané & Darley's smoke experiment  more children=less likely to take action

• 3 in 1 study (responsibility e.g. children or teacher)

• Wallet study??

• Separate 3 strategies to make more clear (explain them & explain research based on- marks for referencing & explaining studies)

^reinforcement & modelling

• Explaining the bystander effect (children concerned other children are not recycling)

Play is an important part of development, but there are many different types and definitions. Name and explain 5 features of play as suggested by Krasnor and Pepler (1980)

• Intrinsic motivation- motivation from within

• Positive affect- helps display positive mood

• Nonlinearity- play not linear/has no structure

• Flexibility- play is not rigid

• Means/ends- emphasis on process and not end goal

Piaget proposed a 3 stage theory of play. Describe this theory and provide 2 criticisms of the theory

You have been asked by a friend to explain what benefits play has. Use research evidence to support your answer ^8 marks

4 clear points (1 mark for stating, 1 mark for detail/explanation)

• Learn to cooperate (Piaget= social & cog development)

• Language & conversation skills

• Negotiation skills

• Ceyne & Rubin- motor skills

• Denham 1986- emotional regulation

• Pelligrini 2000- communication

• Physical play, uses surplus energy, kids sleep better, benefits=wellbeing

'Bowlby's Theory of Attachment is the most appropriate theory to describe attachment'. Discuss this statement using evidence to support your answers ^8 marks

• Describe Bowlby's theory

• Points to support

- Piaget= object permanence

• Points against

- suggested across lifespan but did not acknowledge in theory

- Genie & Czech twins criticise critical period

- Schaffer & Emerson multiple attachments

- Tizard

• Conclusion

Explain how children learn to talk. Use research and theory to support your answer ^8 marks

• Stage of language devlopment & how first words turn into sentences

• Use references for the stages & vocab development

• Discuss theories behaviourist vs nativist

 

4 marks for describing

2 marks for linking

2 marks for references

Vygotsky suggested that culture and society are the only aspects that can influence a child's cognitive development. Discuss this statement using evidence and theory to develop your answer ^8 marks

• Sentence on what Vygotsky's theory is about

• Discuss social & culture as well as other aspects

• Consider issues with approach

• Conclusion is culture and society the only aspect?

Neural factors e.g. autistic children tend to follow different paths of cognitive development 

Woods (1870s) outlined stages of scaffolding which can facilitate cognitive developing

Define what a group is and explain the minimal group paradigm ^7 marks

• Group definition

• Ingroup & defintion

• Outgroup & definition

• Ingroup bias &definiton

Describe the methods & findings of Zimbardo’s (1971) prison experiment study ^8 marks

• 24 male volunteers psychologically stable

• Random allocation & controlled observation

• Guards behaved in brutal & sadistic manner

• Prisoners became docile with severe emotional disturbance

• Complied with expected roles

• Haslam and Reicher (2012) argued that uncertainty resulted in an internalisation of the available identity

Describe the theory of play from Piaget and include a criticism of the approach. Use research to support your answer

1. Describe Piaget's theory of play (2 marks per stage)

2. Criticise the theory (1 mark criticism, 1 mark for RS)

• Assumes play is linked to cognitive development

• `limited perspective

• Children only play at certain ages

• Other perspectives

Ainsworth used the SS study to develop key attachment styles within the attachment literature. Describe the SS procedure and provide details on the attachment styles which were developed

1. Introduce attachment (optional)

2. Describe SS from Ainsworth (potential 4 marks)

• Infants 12-24 months

• 7 episodes & describe them

• Definitions of a well attached child

1. Provide details of the attachment styles (at least 3/4 marks)

• Avoidant, Secure, Resistant

• Maybe mention disorganised

Piaget’s view of cognitive development is the most appropriate view to use. Discuss this statement using evidence for your answer

1. Describe Piaget's theory- all 4 stages (2 marks)

2. Consider research to support e.g. Piaget & Inhelder (2 marks)

3. Consider other perspectives e.g. Vygotsky & Bruner (2-3 marks)

• Consideration of culture

• Piaget's theory too basic & universal- what about children with ADHD and other developmental disorders

• Piaget only worked on children what happens after?

4. Conclusion- summary & answer the questions (1 mark)