CEP 240 Chapter 7 Knowledge Check

Approximately how many children ages 5 to 21 are identified as learning disabled according to the U.S. Department of Education?

2.31 million

Learning disabilities account for slightly more than ______ of the students receiving special education.

one−third

What trend is observed in the identification of learning disabilities among school−age children?

A steady increase between 6 and 9 years of age

Which law is known as the “Bill of Rights” for children with disabilities?

PL 94–142

Before the term “learning disabilities” was popularized, children were often labeled with what terms?

“brain damaged” and “perceptually handicapped.”

According to the IDEA definition of learning disabilities, which parameter can determine whether a child has a specific learning disability?

A discrepancy between their academic performance and estimated ability

The 1977 federal interpretation of learning disabilities understood the condition to be a disorder in ________.

one or more psychological processes involved in understanding or using language.

A potential cause of learning disabilities is acquired trauma, which may occur

pre−, peri−, or postnatally.

Which question do heritability studies seek to answer?

Are learning disabilities passed on through genetics?

Acquired trauma

Damage to the central nervous system that occurs after birth from an external or internal cause.

Individuals with learning disabilities often exhibit difficulty in

forming and maintaining relationships because they have diminished social cognition.

A student who is unable to evaluate and monitor their own performance is demonstrating deficits in ______.

metacognition

A child who lacks phonemic awareness would likely experience difficulty with ______.

Reading

The 2004 reauthorization of IDEA allows school districts to determine a student’s eligibility requirements based on achievement–ability discrepancy or ______.

response to intervention

Norm−referenced assessments compare a student’s performance to ______, whereas criterion−referenced assessments describe a student’s performance based on ______.

their peers; specific levels of mastery

Learning strategies are tools used by _______.

the learner.

One strategy employed during cognitive training is ______, wherein a student initially talks out loud to themselves when performing a task in order to alter behavior.

self−instruction

TRUE OR FALSE Much of assistive technology used to support students with learning disabilities is used to support content−area learning rather than social/emotional growth.

True

The purpose of the discrepancy approach, commonly known as the “wait to fail” model, is to wait for what to occur before assessing a child for a learning disability?

The child has had time to practice academic skills.

Studies reported that 17 percent of students with learning disabilities drop out of school. This may be due to the fact that these individuals have not been adequately prepared to lead independent and productive lives as adults. To better prepare students for life beyond high school, professionals now develop ______.

individualized transition plans

Which is a reason some educators oppose full inclusion for students with learning disabilities?

concerns about lack of individualized instruction

You are the parent of a second−grade child identified as having a learning disability. You are planning to accompany your child on an upcoming field trip where they will be going to watch and participate in an interactive play. In the time leading up to the field trip, what skills would be most beneficial to focus on at home to prevent discomfort while engaging the actors?

pragmatics

Some believe that before a child is evaluated for eligibility for educational services, they should first be given time to practice academic skills. This is reflective of which model?

“wait to fail” model

The ultimate goal of using assistive technology with individuals with learning disabilities is to enable them to ______.

become more effective and efficient learners

The Strategic Instruction Model (SIM) is used to teach ______.

learning strategies

How might the removal of the discrepancy requirement in IDEA 2004 influence the educational outcomes of students suspected of having learning disabilities?

It may lead to earlier identification and intervention, potentially improving educational outcomes.

There is no federal regulation that specifies which measures can or should be used when assessing for disabilities. Rather, _______ make the determination for their circumstances.

individual states

In which age group would you be most likely to find the largest number of students with identified learning disabilities?

9 to 14 years

You are an evaluator conducting an interview with a family whose child is being assessed for a possible learning disability. Which finding in the child’s history may be an indirect contributing factor to the likelihood of a learning disability?

previous diagnosis of lead poisoning

What common characteristic did the children studied by Strauss and Werner share with soldiers observed by Kurt Goldstein?

perceptual impairments and high distractibility

Some professionals advocate for placement of children with disabilities in full inclusion classrooms. One concern about this approach is ______.

lack of individualization

Imagine you are a teacher working with a student who struggles with solving multi−step math problems. You decide to use explicit instruction to help the student master this skill. Which approach would best align with explicit instruction principles to support the student's learning?

demonstrating how to solve the problems while thinking aloud, guiding through similar problems with feedback, and allowing the student to solve problems independently with ongoing support

An individual who believes their success is the result of luck or environmental factors is exhibiting ______.

outer−directedness

Under the reauthorization of IDEA in 1997, individual states were allowed to use the descriptor of “developmentally delayed” for children ages 3 to 9 who need special education and related services. However, there continues to be no federal definition of this term. In what way could this be beneficial for young children with developmental challenges?

Each state can develop inclusive models of service delivery based on the resources available.

Familiarity studies differ from hereditary studies in that they assess the degree to which certain ______ are inherited, whereas hereditary studies examine the degree to which certain ______ are inherited.

characteristics, conditions

In addition to providing content support, assistive technology can help students with _______.

organization and self−management.