7th Grade Biology Review - Comprehensive Practice Flashcards

These flashcards cover fundamental concepts from 7th-grade biology, including ecology, taxonomy, cell biology, plant and animal physiology, coordination, genetics, and microbiology.

Abiotic factors

Non-living environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light, atmospheric gases, soil, land relief, climate, and environmental acidity.

Biotic factor

The impact of living organisms on each other, including parasitism, predation, and symbiosis.

Anthropogenic factor

The direct or indirect impact of human activity on nature, such as hunting, fishing, and environmental pollution.

Ecosystem

A stable collection of diverse organisms and non-living nature factors that coexist and interact over a long period.

Biocenosis

A collection of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms inhabiting a specific territory.

Autotrophs

Organisms, primarily plants, that produce their own organic substances.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that use ready-made organic substances as an energy source, including animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Detritus

A mass of waste partially decomposed by the action of microorganisms.

Jalman

The most ancient relict species and an endemic animal of Kazakhstan, discovered by V.A. Selevin.

Succession

The gradual and orderly replacement of ecosystems over time.

Agrocenose

Artificial ecosystems created by humans, such as pastures, gardens, fields, and farms.

Carl Linnaeus

The Swedish scientist who founded modern taxonomy and introduced the concept of binary nomenclature.

Prokaryotes

Organisms lacking a nucleus or having an underdeveloped one, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with a well-developed nucleus, including fungi, plants, and animals.

Robert Hooke

The scientist who first introduced the term 'cell'.

Plastids

Organelles found only in plants, including chromoplasts (yellow/red), leucoplasts (white), and chloroplasts (green).

Energy yield of 1g of protein or carbohydrate

$17.8\,kJ$ of energy is produced when 1 gram of protein or carbohydrate is broken down.

Energy yield of 1g of fat

$38.9\,kJ$ of energy is released when 1 gram of fat is broken down.

Xylem

Conductive tissue (also called wood) that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem

Conductive tissue (also called bark) that transports organic substances from the leaves to the roots.

Cambium

A ring of dividing cells located between the bark and wood responsible for the growth of the stem in thickness.

Transpiration

The process of water evaporation by plant leaves, which also helps protect the plant from overheating.

Anaerobic organisms

Organisms that can live without oxygen, such as putrefactive bacteria, mold fungi, yeast, and parasites like ascaris.

Gills

Respiratory organs of fish consisting of a gill arch, leaves, and filaments to extract oxygen dissolved in water.

Double respiration

A characteristic unique to birds where air passes through the lungs during both inhalation and exhalation, aided by air sacs.

Alveoli

Air bubbles in the lungs surrounded by a network of small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.

Nephron

The structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Metabolism

The combination of processes involving the use and release of substances and energy, consisting of anabolism and catabolism.

Tropism

The growth reaction of plant parts toward (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus.

Photoperiodism

The ability of living organisms to change their physiological processes based on the duration of daylight.

Axon

The long process of a neuron that forms white matter in the nervous system.

Dendrite

The short, branched process of a neuron that forms gray matter.

Medulla oblongata

The part of the brain containing centers for breathing (coughing, sneezing), blood circulation, and digestion (swallowing, vomiting).

Conditioned reflex

Reflexes acquired during life that are not inherited and vary between individuals of the same species.

Mutation

A sudden change in genetic material involving DNA, chromosomes, or genes, often caused by radiation or chemicals.

Mitosis

A cell division method where two daughter cells are formed with the same chromosome set as the original cell, used for asexual reproduction and growth.

Meiosis

A division method resulting in four cells with half the number of chromosomes, used for the formation of gametes.

Ontogenesis

The individual development of an organism from birth until death, divided into embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis.

Bacteriophage

A specific type of virus that infects and destroys bacteria.