AMUS General knowledge

When was Bowen born

February 22, 1884

Where was Bowen born

England/Britain, Crouch hill, london

What was he noted by Saint Saens as (bowen)

‘the finest of composers’

did he compose for viola, was sonata in c minor composed for viola (bowen)

yes he composed for viola, it was composed for viola

who were the viola sonatas wrote for, and who was he (bowen)

lionel tertis, one of the greatest viola players and one of the first viola players to achieve international fame, he promoted viola from an orchestral only instrument to a solo instrument

who are others like lionel tertis

william primrose, paul hindermith

what inspired him to compose for viola (bowen)

working with lionel tertis

what did he say the tone quality of the viola was (bowen)

the tone quality of the viola was in many ways ‘superior’ to that of the violin

what did bowen play

organ, piano, horn, viola

viola and piano relationship, why (bowen)

viola was regarded as equal to the piano, as bowen was a major pianist himself

was the piece well suited to the viola, why (bowen)

it was well suited, probably as a result of his close work with lionel tertis, and the fact that bowen was a violist himself

what piece was a big influence on his sonatas (bowen)

late brahms op 120 clarinet sonata big influence on bowen’s sonatas

where was he trained, when did he start there, why did he start there, who was he taught by there (bowen)

royal academy of music, 1898, 14 yrs old, won erard scholarship, taught by tobias matthay for piano and Frederick corder for composition

what was bowens impact

through his collaboration with lionel tertis, he introduced viola as a solo instrument, he was important part of building the viola’s solo repertoire

who was he inspired by (bowen)

french impressionists debussy and ravel, uncertain whimsical nature, unresolved added note chords from ravel, and major 7ths (D natural chords) doesn’t resolve like traditional music, but let the dissonance ring @ C second subject group

who gave bowen his first musical lessons

his mother was a musician, giving bowen his first harmony and piano lessons

what school did bowen go to before 14 yrs old

north metropolitan college of music and blackhearth conservatoire

did he have early success, elaborate (bowen)

he had early success as pianist and composer, performed his 1st piano concerto at the proms when he was only 19

when did he become a fellow and a professor at the royal academy, at what age (bowen)

fellow at 23, proffessor at 25

who and where did bowens sonatas get premeired

lionel tertis with bowen on piano, at london’s aeolian hall in may 1905

which composers are he influenced by (bowen)

Rachmaninoff, medtner, chopin, grieg, tchaikovsky

comment on his success and his works (bowen)

he was successful during his lifetime, however, many of his works later became neglected and were only revived after his death

When and where did bowen die

london, 23rd november 1961, 77 yrs old

where does ‘sonata’ come from and what does it mean

sonata comes from the word sonare in italian, meaning to sound/play. sonata is a large scale work usually in several movements for solo instrument and piano

what form is sonata in c minor in

sonata form, 3 main sections, exposition, development and recapitulation

do the form in detail with the score (bowen)

.

what was the style of bowen’s work, describe it

late-romatic, bowen was in a modern time period but his work was late-romantic style, writing piece with whimsical, uncertain feeling/atmosphere

describe the modulations throughout the piece, and explain why it goes to that key (bowen)

starts in c minor, modulates @ B because of accidentals create instability in key of c minor, second subject group @C, E flat major with an E flat major tonic chord in piano part. Development has many unstable keys, unstable accidentals, not a permanent change. D flat major at G because of D flat, E flat, G flat and A flat. Just before G, G flat gets introduced to create instability in previous key, marking change. H is F minor, because of F minor arpeggios in piano part. I is B flat major, because of A natural as leading note. 4 before J A flat comes back in, turning point. J is in G harmonic minor because piano bass line arpeggios and F sharp going to G. K is full of arpeggios, in both viola and piano part, A diminished arpeggio, d minor, e flat major, e flat minor, g minor, then transition back to cminor. recapitulation is back to c minor, second subject goes to e major instead of the normal, staying in tonic key of c minor, makes it different from normal. we know this from 4 sharps key signature, end of phrase of n section end on tonic e and piano e major tonic chord as well. just before key change in the middle of o, d natural comes in both viola and piano base line, shifting key away from e major (as d sharp is leading note). Key returns to c minor (B natural) and stays there until end of the piece. E flat glissando to c is unusual.

What are the compositional features of bowen’s overall style

• lyrical expressive melodies, broad phrasing, emotional intensity, glissando

• lots of vibrato

• large climaxes, very obvious

• piano equal part to viola

• flexible use of traditional form, uses sonata form but more freely as seen through e major at recap

• unexpected chords and key changes, development and e major

• virtuosic writing, showing off the skill of lionel tertis

• dramatic emotional contrast, ‘subito’ at the end

other works for viola by bowen

sonata in f minor op 22, also written for lionel tertis, viola concerto in c minor, dedicated to tertis, phantasy in f major for viola and piano, fantasia for 4 violas

bowen’s contemporaries in the same country

• rebecca clarke, composed viola sonata one of the majpr british viola works of the period

• gustar holst

• edward elgar

• william walton, walton viola concerto

• vaughan williams

other contemporaries of bowen’s (time period only)

• rachmaninoff

• claude debussy

• paul hindermidth

• bartok

• prokofiev

when and where was the sonata in cminor composed, how old was bowen

bowen was only 20, composed around 1905, london, england

what was bowen’s main instrument and where did he mainly play it

concert pianist

where is the climax (bowen)

@ K with chords and tension, high dynamic, onbeat vs offbeat builds the tension, also potential climax before P allangando (as it builds then comes to a close at the end of the piece)

What is different from normal for bowen

• E major in recapitulation

• glissando at the end

How many siblings did Bowen have

2, he was the youngest of 3 sons

what does legg. stand for and what does it mean

stands for leggiero, meaning lightly, encourages performers to play with a delicate touch

morendo what does it mean

dying away

appass. what does it stand for what does it mean

stands for appassionato, means to play with great passion, intensity and deep emotion.

stretto poco a poco

means to to gradually speed up or press forward little by little

furioso meaning

"furious," "wild," or "with great force and vigor"

molto espr. what does it stand for and what does ti mean

molto espressivo, meanings very expressively or with much feeling

subito

suddenly or immeadiately

allargando meaning

to gradually slow down while also becoming broader, fuller, and more powerful

describe a caprice and name some important caprices

a caprice is piece with a lively and unpredictable character. Usually has free formal structure and may have many unexpected changes of mood and key. Paganini 24 caprice for violin. locatelli and rode each composed a set of 24 caprices, one in every key.

comment on the key and chord of each caprice

the key of each caprice is usually related to the one that follows it. Some caprices end on the dominant chord of the next caprice.

form for campagnoli caprice 25, comment on the musical technqiues for variations (2) then say what form each section is of the caprice

theme and variations form. Variation is a musical techniwue whereby some aspects of a theme are altered while other aspects remain clearly recognisable. A common variation technique in the 18th century was division, where the beat is divided into shorter note values as the variations progress, but the harmonic structure and the melodic outline remain unchanged.

Theme is in ternary form, which is also the case for the rest of the sections

what makes caprice 25 different from normal

• originally for viola which is rare in 19th century studies

• exactly 41 caprices, unusual number, just short of 42 kreutzer studies, campagnoli payed tribute to his friend by composing caprices that fell just short of 42, showing respect

what style is campagnoli in, when did that time period go from, describe it

classical period, 1750-1810, light and elegant

compositional features of campagnoli

• short balanced phrases

• predominately diatonic harmonies (rarely using notes foreign to the key) mostly using primary triads (I, IV, V)

• Modulations to closely related keys

• steady but not rigid pulse

Some of his caprices modulate more frequently and extensively than most typical classical period works due to their technical preoccupation, and thus have the character of a fantasia.

other works for viola by campagnoli, other works

NOTHING ELSE FOR VIOLA

• duos for violin and viola

• most of his works were for violin as he was a violinist

• 3 flute concertos

• some chamber music

• strings:

  • violin concerto

  • 6 sonatas for violin and basso

  • 6 sonatas for violin and cello

  • 6 fugues for violin

contemporaries in the same country as campagnoli

• Luigi Boccherini (Italian)

• Antonio Salieri (Italian)

• Ludwig van Beethoven (German)

• Stamitz (German)

Other contemporaries of campagnoli

• joseph haydn

• mozart

• kreutzer

• dittersdorf (bass concerto)

what country is campagnoli from

Italy

When and where was Campagnoli born

Centro, near Bologna in 1751

Who did campagnoli study with in florence

Studied with Pietro Nardini in Florence before embarking on a career as a virtuoso, studied with him for 5 years, Nardini was known for purity of tone, expressive playing, beautiful melodic delivery

campagnoli was a virtuoso, how did that give him skills and connections

virtuoso gave him practical experience for his compositions, because of working in Italian theatre orchestras, he became aquainted with Luigi Cherubini, another composer who wrote mainly for operas

When did Campagnoli move away from florence and to where

Germany 1776

Campagnoli was the concertmaster of what orchestra and when

The gewandhaus Orhcestra in Leipzig, 1797-1818

Where did campagnoli visit and who did he meet there

Travelled to Paris in 1801, met and heard Rodolphe Kreutzer, was inspired by him, wrote 41 caprices in memory for him, wrote one less than 42 just short in respect

Where and when did Campagnoli die

Germany, 1827, 76 years old

Who was campagnoli inspired by

kreutzer

Where is the climax of the caprice

Variation 2

when and where was the piece composed, how old was campagnoli

1815, Leipzig Germany, 64 years old

Did campagnoli compose for viola, was the piece composed for viola

He had no other works for viola, but the 41 caprices were orignally for solo viola

What instrument did Campagnoli play

Violin, maybe viola

describe the modulations throughout the piece, and explain why it goes to that key campagnoli

Theme: b1-8 all in g major, b9 suspension (where the chord has dissonance from the previous note which is then resolved in the next note, creating tension and release) b10 same thing, suspension every downbeat resolving down by a step. Theme is useful for chord practise tuning and playing 3 strings at once, bow control.

Var 1: Focuses on string crossings and shifting very quickly. Refines martele technique. Same structure and phrase structure as theme. 2 distinct voices, upper and lower. Quaver pulse.

Var 2: Accented on beats, chord intervals are 3rds, 6ths, 7ths, tritones. Pedals of open strings. Melody line in line 4 slowly goes up, creating the 7th, biggest interval of the var. Continuous semiquaver pulse. Practises double stops alternating with single open strings, string crossings with speed.

Var 3: pp dynamics, implied quiet shifts. Focuses on quiet shifts + shifting and string crossing at the same time. Sul D for beginning tests shifts up the D string. Majority going down in step minus some large interval changes. Triplet pulse.

Var 4: Arpeggiation, pedals, bass line ascending, accents back. mf-f, includes the only printed crescendo. Uses D string as pivital point. Test string crossings and how to do them smoothly and rapidly.

Notes:

• division of beat got smaller throughout (crotchets, quavers, semiquavers, triplets, semiquavers

• tempo got slower then faster then even faster as it goes back to the start

what does concerto mean, what are other composers of concertos in 18th century, movements, what does the orchestra include

concerto, or konzert

large scale work for 1 or more solo instruemnts with orchestral accompaniment

other composers of viola concertos in 18th century:

• stamitz

• telemann

• zelter

3 standard movements, fast, slow, fast, for hoffmeister its allegro, adagio, rondo: allegro

scored for small classical orchestra with 2 oboes, 2 horns, strings, which was standard for the time.

whats the form of concerto in d major

double exposition sonata form

do the form in detail with the score (hoffmeister)

exposition 1 (orchestral section) - 1st subject, until bar 9, transition, second subject at 1, new theme comes in, codetta 5 from the start of solo entry

exposition 2 (solo) - themes are reinstated or reintroduced by soloist in tonic and dominant keys, first subject group beginning in a similar way to exposition 1, first subject group = first bit until break for piano, transition until 3, second subject group part 1 at 3, second subject group part 2 at double stops.

development - themes reworked in various keys, starts similar to exposition, then introduces completely new ideas.

recapitulation - theme restated, now mostly in tonic key, first subject when solo comes in, transition after 3 beat rest, second subject part 1 at dolce part, second subject part 2 at string crossings, orchestral interlude, announcing cadenza, cadenza, orchestral closing theme until the end

did hoffmeister write a cadenza, why

hoffmeister did not originally write a cadenza, as cadenzas were originally improvised by the performer on the spot, however, most modern versions have written out cadenzas

what makes hoffmeister’s piece different from normal

originally composed for viola, rare for this time period, no cadenza from hoffmeister

what was the style of hoffmeister’s work, compositional features of his overall style

classical, elegance and grace, short, balanced phrases, homophonic texture, diatonic harmonies, often based on primary triads, modulations to closely related keys, ornamentations like trills and turns and embellishments(cadenza), highly organised formal structure

other works for viola by hoffmeister

• 12 etudes for viola

• viola concerto in b flat major

contemporaries in the same country as hoffmeister

haydn, dittersdorf, mozart

other contemporaries of hoffmeister

vanhal

stamitz

boccherini

kreutzer

beethoven

rode

what nationality was hoffmeister

austria/german

where and when was hoffmeister born

born near stuttgart in rothenburg am nectar, now part of germany, in 1754

where did hoffmeister move to away from his birthplace and why

moved to vienna when he was 14 yrs old to study law

what career did hoffmeister decide to go with

he completed his law studies, and decided to have a musical career

andantino meaning

a speed slightly faster than andante (a walking pace)

au talon meaning

to play at the heel or frog

martele meaning

a bow stroke where the player applies pressure before the note, then it is released explosively as the note sounds

who did hoffmeister develop friendships with and what piece was dedicated to him

developed friendships with mozart and haydn in vienna, mozart dedicated sting quartet to him

was hoffmeister a prolific composer

yes

were his compositions well regarded in his day

yes

what did he establish

one of the 1st music publishing companies in vienna, with a catalogue containing works by composers such as haydn, mozart, vanhal, as well as his own compositions

who did he befriend and have a publishing partnership with

publishing partnership with Ambrosius Kuhnel in Leipzig in 1800 which later became the esteemed publishing hose C.F.Peters

When did Hoffmeister die and where

1812, 57 yrs old in vienna

what instruments did hoffmeister play

we think we played organ, but there are no official records saying which instruments he played

where and when did bowen write sonata in c minor

1905 in london, was only 19-20 yrs old

Did he compose for viola, was the piece composed for viola hoffmeister

Yes, Hoffmeister composed for viola, and this piece was originally composed for viola and orchestra,

where and when was hoffmeister’s concerto written

late 1780s in vienna, austria

where is the climax of concerto in d major

cadenza

do the modulations for hoffmeister

exposition 1 - 1st subject in d major, ending with V-I perfect cadence in b 7-8. Transition modulating to A major (dominant) half way through bar 8, ending with a V7 - I perfect cadence in b 14-15. second subject group is in d major, b 20-21 are in d minor, goes back to d major after. codetta is in d major.

exposition 2 - d major, perfect cadence in b 42-43 (end of 1st phrase). transition modulates from a major. New key is confirmed in V7 - I cadence in short piano break before second subject group. Second subject part 1 is in a major, bears little resemblance to orchestral second theme. Suspensions often at the start of bars. second subject part 2 is also in a major, allows soloist to show off double stops, semiquavers. ending with V7 - I cadence at the end of exposition.

Development - orchestra part is in a major, viola is in a major, moves to d major in bar before semiquavers bc of g natural. moves to b minor (relative minor) a bar after semiquavers are introduced. continues in b minor until the end, ending on V7 - I cadence at end of development. orchestra part starts in b minor, shifts to e minor when D sharp comes in, goes to d major.

Recap - d major, transition in G major (subdominant), e minor in second phrase of transition, d major at second subject part 1, now transposed up a 4th, with some variation. d major until the end, with V7 - I cadence at the end. orchestral interlude, tonic chord in secodn inversion in the end, cadenza is embellishment of V-I cadence. Closing theme for orchestra is in d major.

meno mosso meaning

slower or less motion

what is an elergie, and what does it mean

an elergie is a piece lamenting a death. It is a melancholic work of utmost romantic sentiment.

what is the form of vieuxtemps’ elergie, do it in detail with the score

ternary form (ABA), short intro of piano, coda when sextuplets start.

how is vieuxtemps’ elergie differnet from normal?

• very virtuosic, normal elergies are not

• coda is very chaotic and fast, not like normal