PSYCH- Psychological Disorders

The study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatment.

Psychopathology

Psychological disorders represent a serious departure from the prevailing _____ and ____ norms

social, cultural

What are the three C’s of determining if behavior is “normal”?

Context, culture, and change

What is a legal term to describe a deviance in behavior?

Insanity

What are the four D’s of looking for a psychological disorder?

Danger, distress, dysfunctional, and deviance

What is used to classify psychological disorders?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

When you experience 2 or more psychological disorders simultaneously

comorbidity

How can labeling be dangerous?

It can bias perceptions and change reality, can be arbitrary and betray value judgements, can start self-fulfilling prophecies

What are the dangers of diagnosis?

Over-diagnosing, self-diagnosis, illusion of objectivity and universality

What are the two models of psychological disorder diagnosis?

Categorical and Dimensional

What model of diagnosis classifies disorders as distinct entities and makes it easier to identify and communicate said disorders?

Categorical

What model of diagnosis views disorders on a spectrum, making it harder to covey and identify?

Dimensional

Mental health is very easily

a) taken care of

b) understood

c)stigmatized

d) discriminated against

c) stigmatized

What are the key considerations when looking at psychological disorders?

1. Avoid generalizations

2. Leave the diagnosis to the professionals

3. Consider cultural context

4. Recognize Comorbidity

What is the biological perspective of psychological disorders?

believes genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities have a part in the development of psych. disorders

What is the psychosocial perspective on psych. disorders?

views psych. disorders as a combination of biological and social factors

What is the Diathesis Model, write it out.

Predisposition/Vulnerability —→ Stress ——> Psych. Disorder

What disorder is characterized by an intense anxiety that disrupts normal functioning

Anxiety disorder

What disorder is characterized by anxiety in social situations, fear of judgement.

Social Anxiety

What disorder is characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety?

Generalized anxiety

Abnormalities in amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Genetic disposition

Fear of a specific object, situation, or activity

Specific phobia

Biological approach to fear

Innate fear of stimuli considered harmful to existence 

A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving fear of being away from a safe place or person

Agoraphobia

Having recurring and regular panic attacks, ends up fearing a having another attack

Panic disorder

Symptoms of panic disorder

pounding heart, rapid breathing,

Intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Symptoms developed in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Disturbances in mood that are prolonged and extreme behavior changes.

Mood disorders

Periods of incarcerating depression alternating with periods of mania 

Bipolar Disorder

What percentage of Americans are affected w depression each year?

6-7%

What percentage of Americans are affected w depression in their lifetime?

15% 

How does heritability play into psych. disorders?

it varies by disorder; it is the highest in bipolar, lowest in major depression

What does high and low levels of norepinephrine

low levels = depression

high levels= mania

What is the learning theory with psych. disorders?

Insecure attachments, separations, and loses.

thinking negatively all the time

rumination

What are the three different explanatory styles for mood behaviors?

Internal, stable, and global

Explanatory style prevalent in mood behaviors that believe that everything is their fault and that they have control over their environment

Internal

Explanatory style prevalent in mood behaviors that believes that things are bad and that they always will be. 

Stable/external

Explanatory style prevalent in mood behaviors that believes that one mistake/attribution causes them to be a complete failure as a person

Global

True or False: Men are more likely to develop eating disorders than men

False

True or False: The ideal weight of a person, socially, has remained the same for many generations. 

False

When the ideal body type is being thin, it often leads to what kind of disorders?

Eating Disorders

Eating disorder characterized by the refusal to eat, irrational fear of gaining weight, distorted body self-perception

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by binge-eating followed by self-induced vomiting, laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain.

Bulimia Nervosa

What disorder is characterized by excessive use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, and hallucinogens. 

Substance Abuse Disorder

What are the long-term effects of substance abuse?

Psychological adaptation, your body and brain have adapted to the drug causing tolerance and withdrawal. 

What are some psychosocial risk factors of substance abuse?

culture encourages binge drinking, beliefs of having no control over the drug, and a psychological reliance on the drug to avoid problems

What do biological psychologists believe about addicition?

A person’s biochemistry, metabolism, and genetic disposition create vulnerability for addiction

Drugs are used to alleviate low levels of dopamine and serotonin, aiding in addiction

Withdrawal-relief hypothesis

What disorder defined pervasive, inflexible, and extreme personality traits?

Personality disorders

What are the three clusters of personality disorders?

Odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional, anxious/fearful

What personality disorder is characterized by intense but unstable relationships, impulsive, self-destructive behavior, and a fear of abandonment

Borderline Personality Disorder

What personality disorder is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, no regard for others feelings, and a need for constant attention

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

What personality disorder is characterized by the disregard and violation of the rights of others and is usually considered a “sociopath/psychopath”

Anti-Social Personality Disorder

What personality disorder is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking?

Schizophrenia

What does it mean when there are positive or negative symptoms of a disorder?

Positive means things are added, negative means things are taken away. 

What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, inappropriate behavior

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

lack of motivation, speech, emotion.

Lack of or greatly reduced ability to speak

Alogia

Inability to participate in goal-oriented behavior

Avolition

What is the rule of quarters when it relates to schizophrenia?

1/4th will recover completely, 1/4th will be recurrent with minimal repairment, 1/4th will never be able to recover

Biologically, ___% of people with schizophrenia have brain structure abnormalities

50

Which neurotransmitter in excess can cause symptoms of schizophrenia?

Dopamine

What other biological process in the brain during adolescence can cause symptoms of schizophrenia?

norming/pruning of synapses

What umbrella of psychological disorders are characterized by frequent disruptions of awareness, memory and identity

Dissociative Disorders

Disorder that halts the ability to recall important information

Dissociative Amnesia

The feeling of detachment from oneself

Depersonalization

What psych disorder is associated with having multiple personalities

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Why is a DID diagnosis considered controversial?

There is a lot of speculation that DID has been affected by the media and may not be considered a true condition. 

What person claimed to have DID to cover up the killing of 14 women, but then admitted to lying under pressure?

Kenneth Bianchi

What disorders fall under neurodevelopmental disorders?

ADHD, ADD, Autism

What disorder is characterized by a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity?

ADHD

Are boys or girls more likely to have ADHD?

Boys

Are the symptoms for ADHD heritable?

Yes

Inattention = 71%

Hyperactivity=73%

What neurotransmitter, when in low amounts, can cause ADHD

Dopamine

What developmental disorder is associated with no eye contact, lack of social cues, one-word responses, and repetitive patterns of behavior?

Autism

The etiology for autism is a strong ____ component

genetic

Over ____ of people do not seek treatment for mental illness

1/2

What were the first institutions for housing people with psych disorders?

Asylums

Was the treatment at asylums ethical?

No, patients were shocked, whirled, poisoned, and restrained

The closing of large asylums by providing local treatment

Deinstitutionalization

Due to deinstutionalization, most asylum patients ended up going where?

Prisons

Where are most mental therapy treatments administered at?

Outpatient (ex. community centers, schools, private practice, etc.)

Currently, psych and community hospitals focus on ___ term care due to high costs in hospitalization

short

Most approaches in which style of therapy are eclectic/pull from multiple different perspectives?

Psychotherapy

The psychoanalytic approach to therapy focuses on the ____ mind and resolving conflicts from _____ childhood. 

unconscious, early

Spontaneous report of all mental images, thoughts, feelings to reveal unconscious conflicts (Psychoanalytic)

Free association

Emotions originally associated with a person are unconsciously transferred to therapist (Psychoanalytic)

Transference

What are the characteristics of psychotherapy today?

time-limited, has specific goals, involves an active therapist

Type of therapy that focuses on current relationships with others

Interpersonal Therapy

Type of therapy that uses toys and is rooted in psychoanalytic therapy

Play therapy

What type of therapy focuses on changing overt behavior and applies classical/operant conditioning?

Behavioral Therapy

What type of therapy is used for phobia/anxiety disorder where the client controls exposure to fear?

Graduated exposure

Modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response

Systematic Desensitization

What behavior technique involved recording behavior to identify frequency and reinforcers?

Self-monitoring

What behavioral technique involves teaching new behaviors through modeling and role-play?

Skills Training

What type of therapy focuses on beliefs and expectations and to change thinking to prevent negative emotions

Cognitive Therapy

Which cognitive psychologist believed that therapists need to challenge pessimistic beliefs in their clients?

Aaron Beck

What form of therapy helps dispute irrational beliefs that illicit negative emotional responses?

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy