Advanced Biology - Unit 5 - Review

Cell Division

Process where a parent cell divides into daughter cells.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction without the fusion of gametes.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes.

Chromosome

DNA structure carrying genetic information.

Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA in the nucleus during interphase.

Nucleosome

DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Cell Cycle

Series of phases leading to cell division.

Interphase

Phase where the cell prepares for division.

Mitosis

Process of nuclear division resulting in two nuclei.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm after mitosis.

Prophase

First stage of mitosis; chromatin condenses.

Chromatid

One half of a duplicated chromosome.

Centromere

Region where two sister chromatids are joined.

Centriole

Structure that helps organize cell division.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

Telophase

Final stage of mitosis; nuclear membranes reform.

Growth Factor

Substance that stimulates cell growth and division.

Cyclin

Protein regulating the cell cycle progression.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death for eliminating damaged cells.

Cancer

Disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

Tumor

Mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled growth.

Embryo

Early developmental stage of a multicellular organism.

Differentiation

Process where cells become specialized in function.

Stem Cell

Undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to specialized cells.

Totipotent

Stem cells that can develop into any cell type.

Pluripotent

Stem cells that can develop into most cell types.

Multipotent

Stem cells that can develop into a limited range of cell types.

p53 protein

tumor-suppressor protein that responds to DNA damage by stopping the cell cycle and triggering apoptosis

ATM protein

Kinase which generates intracellular signals in response to spontaneous DNA damage

BRCA1

protein activated from ATM responses, fixes DNA replication errors

MAD

inhibit APC/C when chromosomes aren't lined up properly

APC/C

the ubiquitin ligase that promotes the destruction of a specific set of proteins, thereby promoting the separation of sister chromatids and the completion of M-phase

Rb protein

A tumor-suppressor protein that helps regulate progression of a cell from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. Defects in this protein are found in many types of cancer.

CDK-Cyclin complex

- Promoting Factor

- Triggers passage through different stages of cell cycle through phosphorylating various proteins

- Different complex within each checkpoint

- Interaction of these trigger the stages of the cell cycle