Engineering & Design EOC Study Guide Overview

Design Process

The steps taken to create the best possible solution to a problem.

Engineer

A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

Engineering Notebook

A book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project.

Proportion

The concept of paying close attention to the underlying basic shapes and the relative proportions of various features of the object to accurately reflect true shapes in a sketch.

Sketching

A means through which one can quickly and clearly communicate ideas.

Invention

A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.

Innovation

An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

Brainstorm

A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion.

Constraint

A limit to a design process, which may include appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities.

Design

An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems.

Design Brief

A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints.

Design Statement

A part of a design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem.

Prototype

A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

Research

The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Best Practices for Engineering Notebook

Be Neat, be Accurate, be Legible, be Thorough.

Purpose of Sketching

To enhance the design process by allowing clear communication of ideas.

Effective Solution Generation

Brainstorming with a group, research, and testing possible solutions.

Legal Document

An engineering notebook is recognized as a legal document used in patent activities.

Diligence Proof

An engineering notebook can prove diligence in turning an idea into a solution.

Reduced to Practice

Proving when an idea became a working solution.

Define Problem

The initial step in the engineering design process where the issue to be solved is identified.

Construct and test Prototype

The phase in which a working model of the solution is built and evaluated.

Present Solution

The stage where the final solution is communicated to stakeholders.

Evaluate Solution

The process of assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution.

Generate Concepts

The phase of brainstorming and creating various ideas to solve the defined problem.

Develop a Solution

The process of refining and detailing the chosen concept into a workable solution.

Tonal Shading

The representation of light and shade on a sketch or map.

Center Line

A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts.

Extension Line

A line which represents where a dimension starts and stops.

Dimension Line

A line which represents distance drawing other lines and shapes.

Object Line

A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.

Hidden Line

A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible.

Construction Line

Line lightly drawn to guide drawing other lines and shapes.

Orthographic Projection

A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth.

Leader Line

A line used to indicate dimensions of arcs, circles, and detail.

Cabinet Pictorial

Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale.

Cavalier Pictorial

Oblique pictorial where height, width, and depth are represented at full scale.

Pictorial Sketch

A sketch that shows an object's height, width, and depth in a single view.

Perspective Sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye.

Isometric Sketch

A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.

Multi-View Drawing

A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes.

Accuracy

The degree of closeness of measurements to the actual or accepted value.

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result.

Dimensional Analysis

Performing a dimensional analysis on a part will assure that all needed dimensions to create the part have been included.

Technical Working Drawing

A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes.

Dimensioning errors

Errors that can lead to a delay in production time, increased design and manufacturing costs, and a potentially unsafe product.

Conversion from trillion Meters to Giga-meters

2,375 trillion Meters is equal to 2.375 Giga-meters.

Conversion from milliliters to liters

23,439 milliliters is equal to 23.439 liters.

Conversion from microseconds to seconds

13 thousand microseconds is equal to 0.13 seconds.

Conversion from yards to feet

9.25 yards is equal to 27.75 feet.

Conversion from feet to inches

1.15 feet is equal to 13.8 inches.

Conversion from feet and inches to inches

5 ft - 6 ½ in is equal to 66.5 inches.

Conversion from centimeters to inches

67.5 cm is equal to 26.5748175 inches.

Conversion from yards to inches

1.7 yards is equal to 61.2 inches.

Importance of measurement conversion in technical drawings

Measurements may need to be changed to units preferred by the engineer.

Importance of dimension placement

Dimensions must be placed so they can be read clearly without confusion.

Role of units in problem-solving

Units help ensure that communication of size and shape is understood without confusion.

Need for full dimensioning of a part

A fully dimensioned part is required to communicate clearly how the part is to be constructed.

Over dimensioned sketch

A sketch is over dimensioned when the same measurement is on two or more views, which can cause confusion.

Histogram

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.

Statistics

Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the spread of data values.

Normal Distribution

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.

Range

The difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data.

Median

A measure of center in a set of numerical data.

Significant Digits

The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity.

Central Tendency

The center of a distribution: Mean, Median, or Mode.

Calipers

A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure distance or thickness.

Role of models in design process

Models provide a visual for all to see and help them to see the viability of the idea.

Using technology in design and manufacture

Technology allows us to investigate the properties digitally before they are built physically.

Purpose of a portfolio

To effectively communicate the details of a project, including title page, working technical drawings, and an exploded presentation page with a parts list.

Model

A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller than the original.

Annotate

To add explanatory notes to a drawing.

Component

A part or element of a larger whole, especially in a system or machine.

Physical Model

A physical representation of an object.

Scale Model

A full-scale working model used to test and improve a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

Geometric Constraint

Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.

Solid Modeling

The process of creating a three-dimensional representation of an object using appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze empirical situations.

Mathematical Modeling

The process of choosing and using appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze empirical situations, to understand them better, and to improve decisions.

Working Drawings

Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design.

Physical Properties

The material it is made of, its mass, density, etc.

Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD)

The advantage of CAD is that it is easily modified, reproducible, usually faster to produce, and can be viewed in three dimensions at different angles.

Acute Triangle

A triangle that contains only angles that are less than 90 degrees.

Center of Gravity

A 3D point where the total weight of the body may be considered to be concentrated.

Centroid

A 3D point defining the geometric center of a solid.

Tangent

A straight or curved line that intersects a circle or arc at one point only.

Circumscribe

To draw a figure around another, touching it at points but not cutting it.

Principal Axes

The lines of intersection created from three mutually perpendicular planes, with the three planes' point of intersection at the centroid of the part.

Density

The measure of mass density is a measure of mass per volume.

Volume

The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by an object or enclosed within a container.

Inscribe

To draw a figure within another so that their boundaries touch but do not intersect.

Obtuse Triangle

A triangle with one angle that is greater than 90 degrees.

Right Triangle

A triangle that has a 90 degree angle.

Fillet

A curve formed at the interior intersection between two or more surfaces.

W

VDw

Weight Calculation

W = (10.205)(.2836) = 2.894138 lbs

Shipping Cost Formula

# of Cylinders x Weight x Shipping Cost per lb.

Total Shipping Cost

(30,000)(2.894138)(4.25) = $369,002.60

Wood Board Dimensions

42 inches x 8 inches x .75 inches