A+P chapter 3

flat at the bottom w/ bulge on top, found in skin

squamous

cube-shaped (as wide as it is tall), found in glands

cuboidal

taller than it is wide (rectangular) w/ extensions on epical surface, found in small intestine (good at absorption)

columnar

star-shaped, found in neurons (stoma)

stellate

disc-shaped (ex: red blood cells)

discoid

spindle shaped cells that taper at ends (ex: smooth muscle cells)

fusiform

thread-shaped cells (ex: skeletal muscles + axons)

fibrous

provides cell shape, regulates exit/entry

cell membrane

jelly-like substance where organelles are located

cytoplasm

provides support/structure and compartmentalization to the cell

cytoskeleton

defines cell boundaries, governs cell interactions, controls passage in/out of cell

plasma membrane

composed of phospholipids + cholesterol + proteins, makes membrane semi-permeable

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

phospholipids

protein that has glucose attached to it

glycoprotein

protein that does not extend to both sides of the phospholipid bilayer

peripheral protein

packs phospholipid bilayer tighter while providing stability

cholesterol

provide weight to membrane + facilitate transport

membrane proteins

‘fingerprint’ on surface of cell, protects from injury/infection and helps w/ cell adhesion + fertilization

glycocalyx

protein that binds to chemical messenger

receptor

protein that breaks down receptor + terminates effects

enzyme

protein that distinguishes body cells from foreign cells

cell-identity marker

protein that’s constantly open; allows ions to pass

ion channel

protein that converts ATP to cAMP

adenylate cyclase

protein that binds one cell to another

cell-adhesion molecule

transmembrane protein that binds to ligand + transfers to other side of membrane

carrier

extensions of plasma membrane (shorter) used for absorption

microvilli

extensions of plasma membrane (longer) which beat rhythmically and perform sensory/transport functions

cilia

structural basis of cilia

axoneme

fingerlike extensions in small intestine which increase surface area; also used for absorption

villi

cytoplasm-filled extensions which constantly change

pseudopods

limits cell size

surface area to volume ratio

carries one type of solute in one direction

uniport

carries multiple types of solute in one direction

symport

carries multiple solutes in opposite directions

antiport/counter transport

PASSIVE : physical pressure forces fluid through selectively permeable membranes - used by blood capillaries

filtration

PASSIVE: solute goes down concentration gradient and dissolves amongst solvent (allows solute to pass through air/water/membranes)

simple diffusion

affects simple diffusion

temp, molecule size, concentration difference, surface area, membrane permeability

PASSIVE: flow of water from one side of a semi-permeable membrane to another

osmosis

pressure caused by a difference in solute concentration on sides of semi-permeable membrane

osmotic pressure

ACTIVE: pressure is applied to one side of a semi-permeable membrane, overriding concentration gradient/existing pressure and driving water low → high

reverse osmosis

hypotonic solution

more water than solute; causes swelling/lysing

isotonic solution

net 0 change

hypertonic solution

more solute than water; causes shrinking/shriveling

transport proteins carry solutes from one side of membrane to another

carrier-mediated transport

carriers only move a specific type of solute

ligand specificity

transport max is reached (all available carriers filled)

saturation

pumps use ATP to move solvent against transportation gradient

primary active transport

large particles, fluid droplets, or inclusions travel in vesicles

vesicular transport

endocytosis involving engulfing

phagocytosis

endocytosis involving ‘drinking’

pinocytosis

particles bond to receptors before being taken into cell in vesicle

receptor-mediated endocytosis

discharges from cell in vesicle

exocytosis

does endocytosis use atp

yes

structural support and maintenance of cell shape

microfilaments

resist stress, participate in junctions (maintain cell integrity) (neon green lines on textbook pic)

intermediate filaments

hold organelles in place, facilitate transport

microtubules

membranous organelles

nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ER, Golgi

nonmembranous organelles

ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

cell part w/ no specific function (stored products or foreign bodies)

inclusions

largest organelle, contains genome/chromatin

nucleus

web of protein filaments in nucleus; supports pores + nuclear envelope

nuclear lamina

produces phospholipids + proteins, has ribosomes

rough ER

organelle involved in translation/protein production

ribosomes

detoxification, steroid + lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage

smooth ER

synthesizes carbs + glycogen, modifies products from rough ER, location of splicing, makes lysosomes

golgi

packages of enzymes bound in a membrane, digests + disposes (autophagy) and can self-destruct (autolysis)

lysosomes

resemble lysosomes but are not made in golgi; detoxify and neutralize free radicals (in liver + kidney)

peroxisomes

synthesizes ATP, surrounded by double membrane

mitochondria

important in cell division; made of microtubules (held in centrosome)

centrioles

number of particles in a solute

osmolarity

ability of solute to affect fluid volume

tonicity

3 main cell components

cytoplasm, nucleus, plasma membrane

what do channel proteins respond to

ligands, chemical messengers, changes in electrical potential, and physical deformation of membrane

pressure used by filtration

hydrostatic

something is taken in by endocytosis and spit out on the other side of the cell

transcytosis

binds cells together on side

desmosene

what is this

secretory vesicle

attaches cell on bottom

hemidemosome

bottom area below cell

basal cell surface

cause of familial hypercholesterolima

genetic mutations impair body’s ability to remove LDL cholesterol from bloodstream (usually mutated LDLR gene)

cause + symptoms of cystic fibrosis

body is unable to make chloride ion channels, so mucus builds up in the body leading to decreased life span and respiratory / digestive symptoms

stages of cell cycle

interphase (G1, S, G2), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

has crossing over, two sets of PMAT, makes 4 haploid (23) gametes

meiosis

happens in all somatic cells, one set of PMAT, makes 2 genetically identical daughter cells (diploid - 46 chromosomes)

mitosis