Comprehensive maybe

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124 Terms

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Hierarchy of Life

biosphere>ecosystem>community>population>organism>organ system>organ>tissue>cell>organelle>molecule>atom

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Emergent Properties

New properties that emerge as a result of interactions of components at lower levels

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Structure-Function Relationship

The idea that the structure of a biological component determines its function

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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Genetic Information

Information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (genes)

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Gene Expression

The process by which genes program a cell's protein production

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Energy Flow

The movement of energy through an ecosystem

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Organism-Environment Interaction

The continuous interaction between organisms and physical factors in their environment

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Evolution

The process that accounts for the unity and diversity of life

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Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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Similarities in Life

Despite being diverse, all forms of life have similarities

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Natural Selection

The mechanism for the evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments

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Interconnectedness of Life

All life is connected to each other through evolutionary history

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Scientific Method

Scientists form and test hypotheses by collecting data

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Elements

Substances that cannot be chemically broken down into other substances

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Compound

A substance that contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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Major Elements in Living Matter

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom

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Isotope

An atomic form of an element with a different number of neutrons

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Electron Shells

The regions of an atom where electrons occupy

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Reactive Atom

An atom with an incomplete outer shell (valence shell)

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Chemical Bonds

Form when atoms interact and complete their valence shells

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Covalent Bonds

Formed when electron pairs are shared between atoms

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Single Bond

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

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Double Bond

The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

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Molecule

Consists of two or more covalently bonded atoms

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Electronegativity

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity

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Ion

A charged atom

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions

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Hydrogen Bond

An attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom

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Van der Waals Interactions

Interactions that occur between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules

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Chemical Reactions

Processes that change reactants into products while conserving matter

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Chemical Equilibrium

The state reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

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Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Form when the partial negative charge of oxygen is attracted to the partial positive hydrogen of a nearby water molecule

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Cohesion of Water

Water molecules are kept close together by hydrogen bonds

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Surface Tension

The result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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High Specific Heat of Water

Water can absorb a large amount of heat before its temperature changes

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Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat required to convert a liquid into a gas

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Density of Ice

Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water

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Versatility of Water as a Solvent

Water's polar molecules are attracted to ions and polar substances that can form hydrogen bonds

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Hydrophilic Substances

Substances that have an affinity for water

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Hydrophobic Substances

Substances that do not have an affinity for water

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Hydronium Ion

Formed when water transfers a hydrogen ion

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pH

A measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

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Carbon

Can bond to various other atoms and forms the backbone of organic compounds

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Carbon Skeletons

Formed when carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms

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Hydrocarbons

Consist of carbon and hydrogen

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Isomers

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

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Functional Groups

Chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that participate in chemical reactions

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

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Carbohydrates

Polymers made up of monosaccharides that function as fuel and carbon sources

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Proteins

Polymers made up of amino acids that have various functions in the cell

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Nucleic Acids

Polymers made up of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides that have various functions

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Strengthens Plant Cell Walls

Cellulose in plants

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Stores Glucose for Energy

Starch in plants

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Strengthens Exoskeletons and Fungal Cell Walls

Chitin in animals and fungi

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Important Energy Source

Triacylglycerols (fats or oils)

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Lipid Bilayers of Membranes

Phospholipids

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Component of Cell Membranes

Steroids

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Catalyze Chemical Reactions

Enzymes

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Provide Structural Support

Structural proteins

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Store Amino Acids

Storage proteins

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Transport Substances

Transport proteins

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Coordinate Organismal Responses

Hormones

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Receive Signals from Outside Cell

Receptor proteins

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Function in Cell Movement

Motor proteins

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Protect Against Disease

Defensive proteins

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DNA

Stores hereditary information and is usually double-stranded

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RNA

Performs various functions in gene expression and is usually single-stranded

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DNA Similarity

The more closely two species are related evolutionarily, the more similar their DNA will be

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Light Microscope

An optical instrument that uses lenses to magnify images of specimens

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Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen

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Cell Fractionation

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation

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Plasma Membrane

The boundary of a cell, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The ratio of the surface area of an object to its volume

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

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Ribosome

A cellular structure involved in protein synthesis

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of membranous sacs involved in the modification, sorting, and secretion of proteins

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Lysosome

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion

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Vacuole

A large membrane-bounded vesicle involved in various cellular processes

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Mitochondrion

An organelle involved in cellular respiration

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Chloroplast

An organelle involved in photosynthesis

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Peroxisome

A specialized metabolic compartment involved in various metabolic processes

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that provides structural support and facilitates cell movement

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Microtubules

Protein fibers that shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes

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Cilia and Flagella

Motile appendages containing microtubules

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Microfilaments

Thin rods that function in contraction, movement, and support

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Intermediate Filaments

Protein fibers that support cell shape and fix organelles in place

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Cell Walls in Plants

Made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

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Extracellular Matrix

A complex network of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

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Cell Junctions

Structures that connect neighboring cells

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Plasmodesmata

Channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells