Comprehensive maybe

Hierarchy of Life

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Emergent Properties

New properties that emerge as a result of interactions of components at lower levels

Structure-Function Relationship

The idea that the structure of a biological component determines its function

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Genetic Information

Information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (genes)

Gene Expression

The process by which genes program a cell's protein production

Energy Flow

The movement of energy through an ecosystem

Organism-Environment Interaction

The continuous interaction between organisms and physical factors in their environment

Evolution

The process that accounts for the unity and diversity of life

Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Similarities in Life

Despite being diverse, all forms of life have similarities

Natural Selection

The mechanism for the evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments

Interconnectedness of Life

All life is connected to each other through evolutionary history

Scientific Method

Scientists form and test hypotheses by collecting data

Elements

Substances that cannot be chemically broken down into other substances

Compound

A substance that contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Major Elements in Living Matter

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Atom

The smallest unit of an element

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom

Isotope

An atomic form of an element with a different number of neutrons

Electron Shells

The regions of an atom where electrons occupy

Reactive Atom

An atom with an incomplete outer shell (valence shell)

Chemical Bonds

Form when atoms interact and complete their valence shells

Covalent Bonds

Formed when electron pairs are shared between atoms

Single Bond

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Double Bond

The sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

Molecule

Consists of two or more covalently bonded atoms

Electronegativity

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity

Ion

A charged atom

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions

Hydrogen Bond

An attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom

Van der Waals Interactions

Interactions that occur between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules

Chemical Reactions

Processes that change reactants into products while conserving matter

Chemical Equilibrium

The state reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Form when the partial negative charge of oxygen is attracted to the partial positive hydrogen of a nearby water molecule

Cohesion of Water

Water molecules are kept close together by hydrogen bonds

Surface Tension

The result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules

High Specific Heat of Water

Water can absorb a large amount of heat before its temperature changes

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat required to convert a liquid into a gas

Density of Ice

Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water

Versatility of Water as a Solvent

Water's polar molecules are attracted to ions and polar substances that can form hydrogen bonds

Hydrophilic Substances

Substances that have an affinity for water

Hydrophobic Substances

Substances that do not have an affinity for water

Hydronium Ion

Formed when water transfers a hydrogen ion

pH

A measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Carbon

Can bond to various other atoms and forms the backbone of organic compounds

Carbon Skeletons

Formed when carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms

Hydrocarbons

Consist of carbon and hydrogen

Isomers

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties

Functional Groups

Chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that participate in chemical reactions

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

Carbohydrates

Polymers made up of monosaccharides that function as fuel and carbon sources

Proteins

Polymers made up of amino acids that have various functions in the cell

Nucleic Acids

Polymers made up of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides that have various functions

Strengthens Plant Cell Walls

Cellulose in plants

Stores Glucose for Energy

Starch in plants

Strengthens Exoskeletons and Fungal Cell Walls

Chitin in animals and fungi

Important Energy Source

Triacylglycerols (fats or oils)

Lipid Bilayers of Membranes

Phospholipids

Component of Cell Membranes

Steroids

Catalyze Chemical Reactions

Enzymes

Provide Structural Support

Structural proteins

Store Amino Acids

Storage proteins

Transport Substances

Transport proteins

Coordinate Organismal Responses

Hormones

Receive Signals from Outside Cell

Receptor proteins

Function in Cell Movement

Motor proteins

Protect Against Disease

Defensive proteins

DNA

Stores hereditary information and is usually double-stranded

RNA

Performs various functions in gene expression and is usually single-stranded

DNA Similarity

The more closely two species are related evolutionarily, the more similar their DNA will be

Light Microscope

An optical instrument that uses lenses to magnify images of specimens

Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen

Cell Fractionation

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation

Plasma Membrane

The boundary of a cell, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

The ratio of the surface area of an object to its volume

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

Ribosome

A cellular structure involved in protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of membranous sacs involved in the modification, sorting, and secretion of proteins

Lysosome

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion

Vacuole

A large membrane-bounded vesicle involved in various cellular processes

Mitochondrion

An organelle involved in cellular respiration

Chloroplast

An organelle involved in photosynthesis

Peroxisome

A specialized metabolic compartment involved in various metabolic processes

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that provides structural support and facilitates cell movement

Microtubules

Protein fibers that shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes

Cilia and Flagella

Motile appendages containing microtubules

Microfilaments

Thin rods that function in contraction, movement, and support

Intermediate Filaments

Protein fibers that support cell shape and fix organelles in place

Cell Walls in Plants

Made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

Extracellular Matrix

A complex network of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

Cell Junctions

Structures that connect neighboring cells

Plasmodesmata

Channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells