ap world 8/9 will be the death of me

Deterrence

where one country tries to prevent direct war by promising to retaliate if the other attacks it

Josip Tito

leader of Yugoslavia who broke away from Soviet influence/bloc and established a Non-Aligned stance

Anti-Rightist Movement

in 1957 the CCP killed and exiled to labor camps hundreds of thousands of “rightists” or those who disagreed with the government

Decree 900

A land reform decree passed by the Guatemalan government in 1952 that redistributed land from the elite and the United Fruit Company to landless peasants; led to the Guatemalan Revolution of 1954

Ethiopian Famine

A famine from 1983-1985 in Ethiopia due to drought and the collectivization of agriculture by socialist leader Mengistu Haile Mariam; prompted the rise of humanitarian causes and the government weaponized it to dispel anti-communist insurgencies

LiveAid

A 16 hour concert in 1985 featuring the world’s top artists that was free and performed to raise money for the Ethiopian famine

Ayatollah Khomeini

The Islamic fundamentalist leader of the rebellion against Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi in Iran

Biafra

A secessionist state that declared independence from Nigeria in 1967, prompting the Biafran Civil War (unsuccessful)

Mau Mau Rebellion

An uprising of the indigenous Kenyans against British colonial rule where a secret society (Mau Mau) fought guerrilla warfare, resulting in a British victory but led to Kenyan independence

Quebecois movement

When the province of Quebec wanted independence from the rest of Canada because it was more French than English - peaceful

Aswan Dam

A dam created in Egypt where once the US withdrew financial support, Egypt started allying with the USSR and distrusting the west and this caused the Suez Crisis

Israeli West Bank Barrier

A wall along the Green Line/West Bank originally temporarily constructed for security measures but symbolizes the territory of Israel/Palestine

Munich Olympics - Black September

In the Munich Olympics, 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped in a hostage situation by the militant Palestinian group Black September and were killed

Arusha Declaration

A declaration by Tanzanian Julius Nyerere stating socialist “ujamaa” (brotherhood) ideals, human rights and equality, and pan-Africanism

Nyerere Reforms

Julius Nyerere’s reforms in Tanzania regarding collectivization of agriculture, education and healthcare, nationalizing industries, and African socialism (Ujamaa). Was partially successful.

Tazara Railway

a railway connecting Zambia and Tanzania funded by the Chinese government that provided an alternate route for Zambian copper exports to the Indian Ocean

Golda Meir

A female Israeli prime minister during the Yom Kippur War, who was adamant on her stance and nicknamed the “Iron Lady” for her perseverance during the war

Norodom Sihanouk

a Cambodian political leader who ruled during the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War who opposed the Khmer Rouge

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Sri Lankan female prime minister who implemented socialist-inspired reforms including land distribution, a new constitution, and restrictions on free enterprise which were somewhat successful

Operation Condor

The assassination, oppression, and mistreatment of left-wing politicians and their supporters as well as political opponents of right-wing dictators in South American countries (supported by the US)

Idi Amin “Butcher of Uganda”

A brutal military dictator who violated human rights, increased ethnic tension, exiled Asians out of his country, and unpredictably also held leadership positions in the OAU and UN Commission on Human Rights before he was exiled.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

The army made of primarily Catholics who wanted Northern Ireland to rejoin with Ireland that used violent means

Shining Path

A communist group in Peru who was inspired by China and Cambodia and stared doing terrorist acts to overthrow the government (unsuccessful).

F.W. de Klerk

A white South African president who negotiated with Nelson Mandela and helped end apartheid

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean dictator who ruled ruthlessly and attempted to create a free economy to stop the inflation in Chile (unsuccessful)

Miracle on Ice

When the U.S. hockey team beat the Soviet Union (which was considered a dmoninant force in hockey), showcasing the American spirit and resilience and that the USSR was not as powerful as it appeared

1980 Summer Olympics

The U.S. and its allies boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow due to rising tensions between the two countries in the Cold War

1984 Summer Olympics

In response to the 1980 boycott of the summer Olympics in Moscow, the Soviet Union and its allies boycotted the 1984 summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Star Wars

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI); Ronald Reagan aimed to protect the U.S. from nuclear missile attacks through interceptions in hopes of a nuclear-safety zone

White Revolution

a series of reforms implemented by Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi that included secularization, literacy programs, women’s rights, and moderate land reform that was unsuccessful

Haile Selassie

Ethiopian leader who aligned Ethiopia with western powers and thus was unpopular and seen as a pawn of Western imperialism

Mengistu Haile Mariam

Ethiopian leader who took over Selassie and ruled brutally as a socialist dictator (who tried reform but was unsuccessful because of famine and failure of policies)

Kwame Nkrumah

Ghanian leader who implemented nationalism in culture and pan-Africanism but also was a dictator

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

an organization founded by Kwame Nkrumah that called for pan-African nationalism, cooperation, and unity

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian president who founded the Egyptian republic and was a proponent of pan-Arabism; his policies blended Islam and socialism. Led to the Suez Crisis among other land reform and nationalization efforts

Biafran Civil War

When the Igbos of Nigeria tried to secede due to attacks from the north, which caused an unsuccessful civil war. The result was the segregation of Nigeria into states that cut across religious and ethnic borders and voting on the type of law that should be enacted

Six-Day War

Israel fought on 3 fronts against Palestine (supported by USSR) and won

Yom Kippur War

Israel (supported by US) fought against Palestine (supported by USSR) and successfully stood ground

Camp David Accords

a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt that was rejected by Palestine

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

established by Yasser Arafat; called for independence of Palestine and occupied lands

Fatah

faction of Palestine that controlled the West Bank

Hamas

faction of Palestine that controlled Gaza

Benazir Bhutto

female prime minister of Pakistan who tried to improve the economy and reduce poverty

Wladyslaw Gumulka

secretary of the Polish communist party who wanted more independence for Poland (independent domestic policy and ended collectivization of farms)

Imre Nagy

Hungarian political leader who declared Hungary independent from the USSR (withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact) and supported elections that resulted in his execution and Soviet invasion

Alexander Dubcek

Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia who wanted to give the people more freedom of speech, press, and travel - allowed the Prague Spring

Prague Spring

a reform movement in Czechoslovakia that allowed freedom for the individual and more independence from Soviet control

Margaret Sanger

U.S. activist for birth control who opened birth control clinics

Dr. Gregory Pincus

invented the oral contraceptive pill

Norman Borlaug

“father of the green revolution” - worked to spread high-yielding and disease-resistant crops in developing countries

Jonas Salk

researcher who developed an injectable vaccine against polio

Doctors Without Borders

a NGO that funds treatment for sick people globally

Albert Sabin

inventor of the oral vaccine for polio

Antiretroviral drugs

drugs that could help stop the symptoms of HIV from weakening the immune system (but could not cure HIV)

Christiaan Barnard

South African doctor who first performed the heart transplant

Robert Jarvik

Designed the artificial heart to be used while patients waited for compatible human hearts

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

a body of the UN that provides governments scientific information to develop climate change policies

Green Party

a political party that focuses on environmental issues in some countries

Green Belt Movement

a movement to protect wilderness from urban growth

Paris Agreement

a deal between 195 countries that sought to improve global warming

Anthropocene

the name of the new epoch because humans have the ability to control the climate

economic liberalization

a relaxing of restrictions on trade in the 1990s

free market

a government-free, laissez faire economy based on supply and demand

Asian Tigers

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan that followed Japan’s economic model of increasing exports and decreasing imports

maquiladoras

factories in Mexico that used low-wage Mexican labor to produce tariff-free goods for foreign export encouraged by NAFTA

Mercosur

free trade bloc agreement between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Urugay

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

regional organization that promotes cooperation and economic security among southeastern Asia countries

protective tariffs

tariffs raised on foreign imports to make domestic goods seem more attractive than foreign made goods

Mahindra & Mahindra

Indian-based multinational corporation that is trusted

Reaganomics

economic theory by Ronald Reagan consisting of increased defense spending, slowing the growth of government spending, and free markets

Thatcherism

ideology inspired by Margaret Thatcher that consists of commitment to free enterprise, British nationalism, improving efficiency, and belief in traditional values about hard work and civil responsibility

Chinese Socialism

Deng Xiaoping’s economic theory “let some people get rich first” that allowed some economic growth, foreign investment, and free trade before committing to egalitarian socialism

Socialist Market Economy

economic system where the market mechanism plays a dominant role in resource allocation, but the government intervenes to ensure equal distribution of wealth and social welfare

UNICEF (United Nations International Childrens’ Emergency Fund)

organization to provide food for starving children in Europe

Negritude Movement

social movement that started in West Africa emphasizing Black pride and self-determination

Liberation theology

Combination of socialism and Catholicism that called for land reform and wealth redistribution; popular in Latin America

1965 Voting Rights Act

Banned discrimination in voting in the US

1965 Civil Rights Act

banned discrimination based on race, religion, sex, color, national origin, etc. in the US

pass laws

laws in South Africa that required black South Africans to carry identity documents when entering areas assigned to whites

Desmond Tutu

Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town and human rights activist who demanded equal treatment for whites and blacks in South Africa

African National Congress (ANC)

liberation movement against apartheid in South Africa

pariah state

undesirable state; outcast in international community; S.A. was considered this

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

South African trials for public hearings that exposed the truth of human rights violations occurring during apartheid and granting amnesty to those who testified

Dalits

untouchable caste in India

caste reservation system

Indian laws set apart a percentage of jobs and educational enrollment dedicated. to lower castes to fight discrimination

Greenpeace

a multinational agency organization that aims to battle the effects of climate change (known for its direct actions)

Wangari Maathai

Kenyan activist of the Green Belt Movement who encouraged women to plant trees and collect rainwater to conserve the environment after damage done by colonialism

Ida B Wells

American civil rights and women’s suffrage activist who was a journalist and educator

Modernism

the rejection of tradition in favor of experimentation and uncertainty in the arts

consumer culture

a culture where people focused on what they bought and owned as opposed to occupation, belief, location, etc.

throwaway culture

critical name of American consumer culture because it caused environmental degradation in favor of cheaper and disposable products

Americanization

the process of adopting the language, values, and customs of mainstream American culture; the world was influenced more by America

global brands

brands with worldwide recognition and consistent branding

Reggae music

music associated with the Rastafari religion from Jamaica that blended jazz, rhythm and blues, and mento (African rhythms and European elements)

Malala Yousafzai

Pakistani activist and Nobel Prize laureate who fought for children’s right for education

Hare Krishna movement

a movement based on studying traditional Hindu scriptures that gained international recognition and support

New Age religions

forms of Buddhism, shamanism, Sufism, and other traditional religions that were adapted for a Western audience

Falun Gong

a religious movement that combines Buddhism and Daoism that gained popularity in China but soon began being suppressed by the government

Pele

Brazilian professional footballer/soccer player

Bob Marley

Jamaican singer and songwriter who promoted reggae music