Demographic and Epidemiological Transition Models

Vocabulary flashcards covering the stages, terms, and concepts associated with the Demographic Transition Model and the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model arguing that changing birth rates and death rates can be explained by a country's level of development from agrarian to industrial over time.

Stage 1 of DTM (High Stationary Stage)

A pre-industrial phase where birth rates and death rates are both high and cancel each other out, keeping the total population stable; no present country exists in this stage.

Stage 2 of DTM (Early Expanding Stage)

A phase corresponding to the beginnings of industrialization where high birth rates and rapidly dropping death rates cause a population explosion.

Stage 3 of DTM (Late Expanding Stage)

A phase characterized by continuing industrialization where birth rates decline rapidly, but population grows slowly because births still exceed deaths.

Stage 4 of DTM (Low Stationary Stage)

A phase in a completely industrialized country where birth rates and death rates are close to each other, leading to slow population growth or stabilization.

Stage 5 of DTM (Natural Decrease Stage)

A phase added to the model to reflect declining populations where the death rate exceeds the birth rate, exemplified by Japan.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A framework that explains demographic transition through the lens of disease and death rates.

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases spread.

Stage 1 of ETM (Famine Stage)

A stage characterized by high death rates, low life expectancy, and unsustained population bursts due to infectious diseases, poor nutrition, and other hazards.

Stage 2 of ETM (Receding Pandemic Stage)

A stage where life expectancy increases from about 30 to 50 years due to better sanitation, nutrition, and medicine, though large numbers die from regional pandemics.

Pandemic

A disease that spreads throughout whole regions.

Stage 3 of ETM (Degenerative and Human-Created Disease Stage)

A stage with low death rates and rising life expectancy where main causes of death shift from infectious diseases to diseases of old age like heart disease or cancer.

Stage 4 of ETM (Delayed Degenerative Disease Stage)

A stage where life expectancy is at its highest due to medical interventions like bypass surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy that delay degenerative diseases.

Stage 5 of ETM (Re-Emergence of Infectious Disease Stage)

A stage where infectious diseases return after developing immunity to drugs and antibiotics, causing life expectancy to decrease.