AP Human Geo Vocab Unit 12

Agriculture

Is the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival

Climate regions

Areas that have similar climate patterns generally based on their latitude and their location on coasts or continental interiors

Mediterranean Agriculture

Consists of growing hardy trees (such as olive, fruit, and nut trees) and shrubs (like grape vines) and raising sheep and goats

Subsistence Farming

Obtaining enough yield to feed one’s family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more hard labor to care for the crops and livestock

Commercial Agriculture

Growing crops and raising livestock for profit to sell to customers

Bid-Rent Theory

How land value determines how a farmer will use the land- either intesively o extensively

Central Business District (CBD)

Where the majority of consumer services take place (typically located in the center of a city)

Intensive Agriculture

Farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

Clustered Settlement

Residents live in close proximity

Dispersed Settlement

Houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the ones in a settlement re distributed over a relatively large area

Linear Settlement

Houses and buildings extend in a long line that usually follows a land feature

Monocropping

The cultivation of one or two crops are rotated seasonally

Monoculture

The agricultural system of planing one crop or raising one type of animal annually

Plantation Agriculture

Large-sCale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

Crop Rotation

The varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil

Market Gardening

Farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market, or urban area, where farmers can conveniently sell to local grocery stores, restaurants, farmers markets, and road stands

Mixed Crop and Livestock Systems

Both crops and livestock are raised for profit

Extensive Agriculture

Relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital

Shifting Cultivation

The practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving t a new piece of land where the process is repeated

Slash and Burn

Clearing land by cutting down the trees and brush, and after the vegetation dries, burning this “slash”, resulting in a nutrient-rich ash fertilizer

Nomadic Hearding/Pastoral Nomadism

Moving animals seasonally or a seeded to allow the best grazing

Domestication

The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

Foragers

Small nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein

Agricultural Heath

The place from which agriculture, or a form of agriculture originates

Fertile Crescent

An agricultural hearth following the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the eastern Mediterranean coast

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural REvolution achieved plant domestication and animal

The Second Agricultural Revolution

Tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

The Enclosure System

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century

The Third Agricultural Revolution

Currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms (GMO’S)

Genetically Organized Organisms

Can enhance the ability of the new strains to resist disease or drought or to have more nutritional impact

The Green Revolution

Was an offshoot of the third agricultural revolution. The new crop strains-already in use in the United States- were introduced in areas with low yields and large populations, including Mexico, India, and Indonesia