Alkaloids Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards related to alkaloids, covering definitions, classifications, extraction methods, and chemical tests.

Alkaloid

Basic nitrogenous organic compound with complex ring structure, containing one or more rings of carbon atoms and it has nitrogen atom in the ring and is physiologically active.

Free base form

Form of an alkaloid soluble in organic solvent but insoluble in water.

Salt form

Form of an alkaloid soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.

Coniine, Arecoline, Nicotine, Sparteine

Alkaloids that are liquid because they lack oxygen in their structure/molecule.

Classifications of Alkaloids

Alkaloids classified based on their common molecular precursor or chemical structure.

True alkaloids

Alkaloids derived from amino acids and share a heterocyclic ring with nitrogen.

True alkaloids

Examples include cocaine, quinine, dopamine and morphine.

Protoalkaloids

Compounds in which the nitrogen atom is derived from amino acids but is not part of a heterocyclic ring.

Protoalkaloids

Examples include Hordenine, mescaline and yohimbine.

Pseudoalkaloids

Compounds where the carbon skeletons are not derived from amino acids but are connected with the amino acid pathway.

Pseudoalkaloids

Examples include coniine, capsaicin, ephedrine, solanidine, caffeine and theobromine.

Atypical Alkaloids

Also known as non-heterocyclic alkaloids & contain nitrogen in aliphatic chain.

Nonheterocyclic Alkaloids

Phenyl ethyl amine alkaloid, examples include Ephedrine, Mescaline, Hordenine.

Typical Alkaloids

Also known as heterocyclic alkaloids & contain nitrogen in heterocyclic ring.

Poly-nuclear Heterocyclic Alkaloids

Heterocyclic Alkaloids examples include Isoquinoline, Quinoline, Indole.

Mono-nuclear Heterocyclic Alkaloids

Piperidine, pyridine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole

WAGNERS REAGENT

Solution of iodine in potassium iodide (+) reddish brown precipitate

MAYER’S REAGENT

Reagent used to detect alkaloids: Solution of potassium mercuric iodide (+) creamy white precipitate

VALSER’S REAGENT

Mercuric iodide.

DRAGENDORFF’S REAGENT

Potassium bismuth iodide (+) reddish brown or orange red

precipitate

BOUCHDART’S REAGENT

Iodine in potassium iodide. Considered as the most sensitive test for alkaloids

TANNIC ACID

Antidote for alkaloidal poisoning- cannot be absorbed in the body (+) buff colored precipitate

MUREXIDE TEST

Chemical test for caffeine and other purine derivatives. Potassium chlorate + HCl & Ammonia vapor. (+) purple color precipitate

Pyridine

A heterocyclic aromatic tertiary amine characterized by a six-membered ring structure composed of five carbon atoms & nitrogen.

Piperidine

Family of heterocyclic organic compound derived from pyridine through hydrogenation.

ARECOLINE

Anthelminthic, Taenifuge & Vermifuge (vet med – dose: 2-4g).

Lobelia - L-LOBELINE

Expectorant, Diaphoretic, Anti-asthmatic, Lobeline.

Tobacco - NICOTINE

Sedative, Diuretic, Sialogue, Stimulant on heart & nervous system

TROPANE ALKALOIDS

8-azabicyclo octane nucleus commonly found in plants.

BELLADONNA LEAF ATROPINE

Parasympathetic depressant, Spasmolytic, Narcotic, Sedative, Diuretic.

HYOSCYAMUS ATROPINE

Parasympatholytic, Antispasmodic, Hypnotic, Mild diuretic.

STRAMONIUM ATROPINE

Narcotic, Anti-spasmodic, Relieve spasm of bronchioles in asthma.

DUBOISIA

Commercial source of atropine and scopolamine.

WITHANIA

Commercial source of atropine.

SCOPOLAMINE

Base resembling tropine which is almost colorless, syrupy liquid.

SCOPOLAMINE

Treatment of Motion sickness, Preanesthetic sedation and for obstetric amnesia in conjunction with analgesics, and to calm delirium.

MANDRAGORINE

Potent emetic, also known as aphrodisiac

COCAINE

Street name: Crack, Coke, Brompton's cocktail.

COCAINE

CNS Stimulant, Hallucinating agent, Local anesthetic activity, Dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Cinchona

Plant containing alkaloids with quinoline as their basic nucleus.

CINCHONA

Anti-malaria, Anti-arrhythmia, Anti-rheumatism & neuralgia.

ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS

Alkaloids sharing the most important drugs and their alkaloids

IPECAC - EMETINE

Antidote for Poisoning (15 mL & 2 glass of H2O) , MOA: produces emesis, Antiprotozoan , Diaphoretic

HYDRASTIS - HYDRASTINE

Used in the inflammation of the mucous membrane.

SANGUINARIA - SANGUINARINE

Stimulating expectorant and has emetic property

CURARE - TUBOCURARINE

Exhibit paralyzing effect on voluntary muscle (Curareform effect) by blocking the nerve impulses to skeletal muscles at myoneural junction.

PAREGORIC

Anti-peristaltic at dose of 5-10 mL qid (4x a day).

MORPHINE

Phenanthrene derivatives and the molecule contains a phenolic and an alcoholic hydroxyl group.

CODEINE

Narcotic analgesic & Sedative antitussive

NOSCAPINE

Possess NO NARCOTIC PROPERTIES thus sometimes called anarcotine.

PAPAVERINE

Smooth Muscle Relaxant (150 mg oral) (30 mg IM).

Hydromorphone

Dosage is smaller than of morphine & less side effect of nausea, constipation & habit forming

APOMORPHINE

Emetic in case of poisoning

Hydromorphone (Dihydromorphine)

Reagent used to detect alkaloids: Formed when morphine is treated with HCl in a sealed tube and one molecule of water is lost.

RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA - RESERPINE

Hypotensive (lowers the BP), Hypnotic, Sedative, Tranquilizer.

VINCA ALKALOIDS - VINBLASTINE & VINCRISTINE

Both has anti-cancer/anti-neoplastic

VINCA ALKALOIDS - VINBLASTINE & VINCRISTINE

Drugs has arrest cell division at metaphase.

NUX VOMICA - STRYCHNINE

Stimulate peristalsis (increase appetite), Increase gastric juice flow, CNS stimulant (excitation)

NUX VOMICA - STRYCHNINE

Stimulate peristalsis (increase appetite), Increase gastric juice flow, CNS stimulant (excitation)

PHYSOSTIGMA - PHYSOSTIGMINE

Cholinesterase inhibitor Ophthalmic drug for Glaucoma

ERGOT - ERGONOVINE

Agent for Oxytocic, Management in the post-partum bleeding

ERGOT - ERGOTAMINE

Alkaloids includes Analgesic/vasoconstrictors for treating migraine

YOHIMBINE- Bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe ,Treatment

Treats Impotence in reaction with vascular or diabetic problems.

PILOCARPUS- PILOCARPINE

Ophthalmic ophthalmic drug for Glaucoma to stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye causing constriction of the pupil & contraction of ciliary muscle, which enhances the outflow of aqueous humor.

STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS

They are characterized by steroidal entity, CYCLOPENTANOPERHYDROPHENANTHRENE nucleus along with basic nitrogen..

AMINO ALKALOIDS

These alkaloids groups does not contain heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. It is only present in the aliphatic side chains..

EPHEDRA - EPHEDRINE

Entire plant or overground portion that can stimulate the a,b1,b2

EPHEDRA - EPHEDRINE

Plant that can potent sympathomimetic. A drug that functions a. Anti-allergenic b. Anti-asthmatic c. Decongestant d. Cough suppressant.

COLCHICUM - COLCHICINE

plant that can treat Anti-gout,. MOA: Inhibit microtubule system = inhibit the inflammation. The first line in the management of chronic gout

KHAT -(-)-CATHINONE

Fresh leaves of the plant that is a catecholamine release inducer ➢ Dopamine, NE, EPI.

PEYOTE -MESCALINE

Plant made of dried tops to made a halluciinogen

PURINE ALKALOIDS

Heterocyclic nucleus consisting of 6 membered pyrimidine ring fused to the 5-membered imidazole ring

PURINE ALKALOIDS

Pharmaceutically important purine bases are all methylated derivatives of Xanthine

CAFFEOL- Aroma

The aroma that can be smelled is caused by the constituent, if the coffee been is roasted

Tea (Theophylline)

plant contains the prepared leaves & leaf buds.

Cocoa (Theobromine)

Plant for Foods for the God that has theobromine

Method A

Extraction method where Alkaloidal salts is moistened with alkaline substances like sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, calcium hydroxide

Method B

Extraction method where The collected powdered material is extracted with water or aqueous alcohol containing dilute acid.

Functions of Alkaloids

One of the functions of alkaloids is as poisonous agents protecting the plant against insect.

Functions of Alkaloids

One of the functions of alkaloids is as the end products of detoxification reactions representing metabolic locking-up of compounds otherwise harmful to the plant

Functions of Alkaloids

One of the functions of alkaloids is as regulatory growth factor.

Functions of Alkaloids

One of the functions of alkaloids is as reserve substance capable of supplying nitrogen or other elements necessary to the plants’ economy.

Functions of Alkaloids

One of the functions of alkaloids is Variety of Pharmacologic action for humans.

Ephedra

Drug that is well known as anti-allergenic, anti-asthmatic, decongestant, cough suppressant, vasoconstrictor and cardiac stimulant.

Colchicine

A specific alkaloid known for its anti-gout effects by inhibiting the microtubule system, thereby reducing inflammation caused by crystal deposits.

Caffeine

A purine alkaloid that functions as a diuretic, increases gastric acid secretion, inhibits uterine contraction and act as a weak positive chronotropic and inotropic agent.

Quinine

A quinoline alkaloid found in cinchona bark used for anti-malarial purposes

Emetine

An isoquinoline alkaloid produced from dried rhizomes that is used as andidote as well as a diaphoretic.

Mydriasis

One of the adverse effects of belladonna and also the symptom of toxicity is dialated pupils.

Chemical Tests

The method performed from neutral or slightly acidic solution of drug and precipitates since majority of the solution contains salts of heavy metal

Cinchonism

A condition in which there is ringing of the ear, loss of hearing, dizziness or headache and impaired vision.

STANDARD BIOASSAY OF TUBOCURARINE

The head-drop assay in the rabbit that measures the relaxation of the neck muscles to such a degree that the animal's head cannot be raised or turned in response to a physical stimulus

Diacetylmorphine

A alkaloidal derived product formed by the acetylation of morphine

APOMORPHINE

A alkaloidal formed when morphine is treated with HCl in a sealed tube and one molecule of water is lost

ERGOTAMINE

A analgesic/vasoconstrictors alkaloidal that treats migraine

PILOCARPINE

A cholinergic ophthalmic alkaloidal drug binds directly to the the eye causes pupil constriction.

QUININE

An alkaloidal with MOA: Intercalation of quinoline moiety into the DNA of the plasmodium parasite

SCOPOLAMINE

An alkaloidal with An ester that upon hydrolysis will yield tropic acid.

Common molecular precursor

the biological pathway used as classified of alkaloids.

QUINIDINE

The alkaloidal with Depresses myocardial excitability