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Native Americans
The first inhabitants of the Americas, whose cultures varied significantly across the continent.
Three Waves of Migration
Humans first arrived in the Americas in three waves: 40-20,000 years ago, 12-6,000 years ago, and 10-5,000 years ago.
Mayan, Aztec, Incan
Civilizations that developed advanced agriculture and societies in Central and South America.
Population Estimates (1500)
Estimates indicate between 43-72 million Native Americans in South America and 22-48 million in North America.
Plains Indians
Native American tribes primarily inhabiting the Great Plains, known for living in tents and following buffalo.
European Impact on Native Americans
Included disease, trade, dependence on European goods, and increased hunting pressures.
Virgin Soil Epidemics
Epidemics that devastated Native American populations due to lack of immunity against European diseases.These diseases included smallpox, influenza, and measles, which led to high mortality rates among indigenous peoples.
Trade Dynamics between the natives and europeans
Native Americans engaged in trade with Europeans, often seeing functional items as valuable.
Guns and Overkill
The introduction of guns led to unsustainable hunting practices and depletion of animal populations. Primarily the buffalo which were sacred to the natives, as they hunted for them without exploitation.
Horses' Influence for the natives
Transformed the lifestyle and hunting practices of Plains Indians.
land ownerships concepts and the differences
Europeans: Land as private property, individually owned, bought, and sold.
Native Americans: Land as communal, shared for use, with spiritual stewardship.
Communal vs Individual Ownership
Contrast in land ownership beliefs leading to conflict between Europeans and Native Americans.
Evangelization Goals
European colonial efforts aimed at converting Native Americans and Asians to Christianity.
African Ethnic Diversity
African societies exhibited rich ethnic diversity with around 200 distinct languages observed in Nigeria alone.
West African Empires
Historically significant empires, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, notable for their cultural and commercial influence.
Kinship Networks in Africa
Foundation of African societies based on extended family relations and community-focused social structures.
Slavery in Africa
A non-perpetual and non-racial system, different from European racial slavery, often due to debts or war. Oftentimes they incorporated them into their tribes after they served their time. it was a different perspective and usage of said slave.
Basic Economy of African Societies
Determined by geography, with fishing, hunting, and farming as key economic activities.
Ancestor Worship
A central element of African spirituality, depicting a belief in the ongoing presence of ancestors.
Islamic Influence in Africa
An important but limited influence among African elites before the extensive arrival of European missionaries.
African Arts and Crafts
Rich cultural practices, especially music and crafts, expressing community values and spiritual beliefs.
Slave Trade Beginnings
the broader Atlantic slave trade began earlier. It started in 1444 when Portuguese traders transported enslaved Africans to Europe.
However, the transatlantic slave trade to the American colonies began later, with 1619 marking the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Jamestown, Virginia, which is often cited as the start of slavery in what would become the United States.
The Middle Passage
The brutal second phase of travel where enslaved Africans were transported under horrific conditions.
Bacon’s Rebellion
An armed revolt in 1676 in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. Driven by tensions over land, Native American policies, and class disparities, it highlighted colonial grievances. The rebellion ended with Bacon's death and led to increased reliance on African slaves over indentured servants.
Joint Stock Companies
allowed investors to pool their money to fund colonial ventures, sharing the risks and profits. These companies, like the Virginia Company, financed settlements by selling shares to investors. Profits were earned from resources or trade in the colonies, and losses were distributed among shareholders.
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. Jamestown faced significant early struggles, including harsh winters, food shortages, and conflicts with Native American tribes. The settlement's survival hinged on the leadership of figures like Captain John Smith and the introduction of cash crops, particularly tobacco, which became the economic foundation of the colony. The challenges faced by Jamestown became an essential part of early American colonial history, illustrating the difficulties of establishing a new colony and the complexities of Native-European interactions.
Tobacco Economy
Virginia's primary cash crop, pivotal for both economic viability and colonial growth.
Indentured Servants
Workers who sold a portion of their labor in exchange for passage to the colonies. They then worked as servants in order to pay off their passage.
Transition to Slave Labor
Shift from indentured servitude to African slavery for long-term labor solutions in plantations.
Puritanism (definition)
A religious reform movement aiming to 'purify' the Church of England from Catholic practices.
Pilgrims and Plymouth Plantation
The Pilgrims were a group of English Separatists who sought to break away from the Church of England due to disagreements about its practices and governance. They initially moved to the Netherlands for religious freedom but decided to migrate to America to establish a community that aligned more closely with their religious beliefs. In 1620, they sailed on the Mayflower, reaching present-day Massachusetts where they founded Plymouth Plantation. This early colony became a significant site for religious freedom and self-governance, influencing the development of democratic principles in America through documents like the Mayflower Compact.
Mayflower Compact
An agreement establishing rules for self-governance among the Pilgrims. Signed in 1620 by 41 male passengers aboard the Mayflower. Focus on majority rule, and the collective agreement of the governed, laying the foundation for future democratic governance in America.
Great Migration
A period from 1630-1640 when many Puritans emigrated to New England.
Massachusetts Bay Company
A key organization established in 1628, the Massachusetts Bay Company was composed of Puritan merchants and landowners who aimed to create a colony in New England. The Company received a royal charter that granted it significant autonomy, allowing it to operate as a self-governing entity. The initial settlement was in Salem, and later moved to Boston. The Company played a crucial role in the Great Migration of the 1630s, significantly contributing to the growth of the Puritan community and its cultural, religious, and economic development in the region.
Puritan Ethic
A religious and cultural belief system that emerged among the Puritans, emphasizing hard work, frugality, discipline, and a sense of divine calling (or vocation) in all economic activities. It reflected a commitment to moral integrity, community responsibility, and the idea that earthly labor was a means to fulfill God's purpose. This ethic significantly influenced the development of American capitalism and work culture, promoting values such as perseverance, self-reliance, and the importance of personal accountability in achieving prosperity.
New England Towns characterization
Settlements characterized by structured communities and public education influenced by Puritan values.
Half-Way Covenant
A form of church membership created in 1662 allowing the children of church members to participate in some church activities without having to undergo a personal conversion experience. This was intended to retain the connection between church and community during a period of declining religious fervor, thus enabling more individuals to be involved in the church, leading to a shift in membership practices.
what were the colonial society extremes
Widening wealth gaps and societal divisions resulting from the mercantile and plantation economies.
Spanish Colonies focus
Colonies primarily focused on evangelization and extracting wealth through resources like gold and silver.
Encomiedna system
where Spanish elites governed Native villages for labor and resource extraction.
Royal Missions
Efforts to establish control of Native populations and spread Christianity in Spanish territories.
Impact of the Crusades
Stimulated European demand for exotic goods leading to global exploration.
Cultural Revival in Europe (1500)
A period of renewed interest in learning, trade, and exploration, driving colonial expansion.
Portuguese Exploration
Pioneering European maritime exploration led by figures like Prince Henry.
Spanish Conquistadors’ motivations
Explorers motivated by gold, glory, and the spread of Christianity in the New World.
Religious Rivalries
National identities intertwined with religion leading to increased competition among European powers.
African Agency in Slave Trade
Some Africans participated in the slave trade by capturing and selling members of rival tribes.
Slave Revolts
Instances where enslaved individuals attempted to reclaim their freedom often facing brutal repercussions.
what was Colonial Economy Structure dependent on?
Dependent on agriculture and later expanded by the importation of slave labor.
Virginian Plantations
Large agricultural enterprises that produced cash crops reliant on enslaved labor.
what facilitated the establishment and growth of the colonies
Desire for trade and wealth
who served as a “slave” before Africans were shipped into the colonies?
Transition from a majority of indentured servants to a growth in enslaved Africans in North America.
an author who culturally appropriated African traditions
Joseph Chandler Harris' adaptation of African oral traditions for commercial literature.
how much % did African slaves consisted in the English colonies prior to the rise in cotton demand?
A mere 5% of enslaved Africans ended up in English colonies until the cotton demand rose.