Psych Quiz #1

Psychology Origin

Greek, psyche and logos (soul and study of a subject)

Psychology Definition

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Goal of Psychology #1

describe behavior (duration, intensity)

Goal of Psychology #2

explain behavior (why and how it occurs)

Goal of Psychology #3

Credit behavior (who is at risk for behavior)

Goal of Psychology #4

Control behavior (treatment to control and even prevent)

Important Psychology Year

1879

Psychology’s Parents

Philosophy and Physiology

Monism

Mind and body all together as one

Dualism

Mind and body are separate

Cartesian dualism

Descartes- separate but intact

Nature vs. Nurture

Is knowledge inborn or learned?

Nature Key Words

innate, genetic, heredity, maturational changes, biological processes

Nurturist Key Words

learned, experience, environment

Example of Nature Philosopher

Plato

Example of Nurture Philosopher

Aristotle and Locke

Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Felchner

research on vision, perception, studying people’s reactions to stimuli

Wilhelm Wundt

campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline, made 1st research lab, Father of Psychology in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. published 1st journal on psychology research in 1881

Voluntarism

Wundt’s school of thought but in class he was a structuralist

Schools of Thought

common beliefs, practices, and opinions. Wundt established 1st one called structuralism

Structuralism Subject Matter

second by second, studies basic elements (structure) of consciousness, find atoms

Introspection (structuralism)

one’s own conscious experience

G. Stanley Hall

studied under Wundt, 1 research lab at Johns Hopkins

William James Classification

Functionalism

William James’ Beliefs

argued that structuralists such as Wundt missed real nature of consciousness

Functionalism

belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, not just the structure

Functionalist’s Focus

focus on how people adapt their behavior to real world demand not lab focused

Sigmund Freud Treatments

treated patients using psychoanalysis, unconscious (thought, memories desires)

Freud Beliefs

believed dreams expressed true feelings, believed behavior is influences by how people cope w/ sexual urges (controversial)

Psychoanalytic Theory

attempts to explain personality, motivation and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious detriments of behavior

Freud’s Followers

Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

John B. Watson Belief

proposed that psychologists should abandon study of consciousness altogether and focus on behaviors

John B. Watson Classification

Behaviorism

Behaviorism

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study observable, measurable behavior

Watson Cares

verifiability, scientific claims can be verified, mental processes should be private

Behavior

overt (observable) response or activity by an organism

Nature vs. Nurture Watson +Skinner

nurture

Skinner Beliefs

believed environment controls us, free will is an illusion (controversial)

Behaviorism Facts

subject to criticism and misinformation, dominant in 50s and 60 (education, child care, neuroscience)

Reason for Creation of Humanism

psychoanalytic was too sexualized and behaviorism was basic animal behavior

Humanism Definition

emphasizes unique qualities of humans (freedom, potential personal growth)

Carl Rogers

argued that human behaviors governed by sense of self

Abraham Maslow

take human drive toward personal growth

Behaviorism Contributors

Watson, Pavlov, Skinner

Behaviorism Basic Premise

only observable events (stimulus response) can be studied

Psychoanalytic Contributors

Freud, Jung, Adler

Psychoanalytic Basic Premise

unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders

Humanistic Contributors

Rogers, Maslow

Humanistic Basic Premise

humans are free and rational, different from animals, optimistic, free will, self actualization

Cognitive Contributors

Piaget, Chomsky, Simon

Cognitive Basic Premise

human behavior cannot be fully understood without looking how people get info

Biological/Neuroscience Contributors

Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel

Biological/Neuroscience Basic Premise

physiological, genetic, neural bases of behavior, brain function explained by brain structures

Roger Sperry Specialization

right and left hemispheres (brain lateralization and specialization)

Evolutionary Contributors

Buss, Daly, Margo, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby

Evolutionary Basic Premise

evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animal, behavior patterns evolved to solve problems, natural selection favors behavior that causes reproductive success

Freud’s Levels of Consciousness

Concsciousness, preconscious, unconscious

Consciousness Definition

tip of iceberg, aware of

Preconsciousness Definition

water level, storehouse of all memory, can be brought to your attention

Unconsciousness Definition

repressed anxieties, desires, cannot remember or recall

Key Word for Behaviorism

Conditioning

Watson (Father of Behaviorism) and Skinner

disliked psychoanalytic because it is “unobservable” (should abandon), discounted importance of heredity

B.F. Skinner

environmental factors, experience emphasized, governed by external stimuli

B.F. Skinner Terms (behaviorism)

reinforcement, punishment, free will is an illusion

American Psychological Association

founded by G. Stanley Hall

Number of Psychologists that work in colleges

1/4

Number of Psychologists that work in hospitals, clinics, police, nursing homes

3/4

What are the 4 main professional specialties?

CLINICAL , counseling, school, I/O psychologies

8 Major Research Areas

Developmental, Personality and Social, Educational, Health, Neuroscience, Experimental, Cognitive, Psychometrics and Statistics

Developmental Psychology (16.6%)

looks at human development across life span, used to be child focused but now it is not

Personality and Social Psychology (17.5%)

measurement and development of personality and interpersonal behavior, personality traits, attitudes, persuasion, prejudice

Educational Psychology (13.9%)

how people learn and best ways to teach, curriculum design, teacher training, classroom diversity

Health Psychology (14.5%)

maintenance of physical health, causation, prevention, treatment of illness

Neuroscience and Biopsychology (7.9%)

influence of genetic factors on behavior, role of brain, nervous and endocrine system

Experimental Psychology (7.4%)

not only area experiments are done (misleading), core values- sensation, perception, conditioning

Cognitive Psychology (6.8%)

higher mental processes- memory, reasoning, info processing

Psychometrics and Statistics

measurement of behavior, psychological tests, new techniques for statistical analysis

Clinical Psychology (78.1%)

evaluation, diagnosis, interviewing clients, psychological testing, psychotherapy

Counseling Psychology (10.7%)

overlaps w/ clinical, interviewing testing, therapy

I/O Psychology (4.8%)

business and industry, HR, procedures, recommendation

School Psychology (4.4%)

promote development of children in schools

Difference Between Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatrists

clinical- grad school, PHD

psychiatrists- med school (MD)

Psychiatry Definition

branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment psychological disorders

Psychology is

empirical, theoretically diverse, evolving into a sociohistorical context, practical

Goal of Scientific Enterprise #1

Measurement and description

Goal of Scientific Enterprise #2

Understanding and prediction

Goal of Scientific Enterprise #3

Application and control

Measurement and description description

to understand effects of something on something, must be measurable

Understanding and prediction description

explain reasons, test predictions

Application and control description

use findings to control

Hypothesis

tentative statement between variables

Theory

system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations, must be testable (empirical)

Step 1 of Scientific investigation

formulate a testable hypothesis

Formulate a testable hypothesis description

translate an intuitive idea into testable hypothesis

Step 2 of Scientific Investigation

select research method and design study

Methods of research and design study

experiments, case studies, surveys, weight pros and cons and select strategy

Step 3 of Scientific Investigation

collect the data

Data Collection Techniques

procedures for making observations and measurements

Operational Definition

describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

Experiment

manipulating one variable