HISTORY old Imperialism part one

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Gutenberg Printing Press

a. Used to spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance b.First documented printed was the Bible.Led to the growth of literacy (people knowing how to read)

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Henry IV/Henry of Navarre

He was protestant but did not wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well worth a mass"

Politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Cluniac Reforms

A series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy

Hussites

Followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist

Erasmus

Dutch....In Praise of Folly (SATIRE)(1513).... criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy..."Laid the egg that Luther hatched."

In Praise of Folly

SATIRE WORK (1513).... criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy.

Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The phrase refers to the seventy years when the Hebrews were held captive in Babylon.

Martin Luther

95 Theses, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Nepotism

favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices; Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. Catholic; 7 sacraments

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only. Protestant; 2 Sacraments

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Elect

In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Reprobate

sinner destined to be damned

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Henry VIII (Tudor)

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Mary I (Tudor)

English Reformation "Bloody Mary", Mary Tudor (1516-1558) was the daughter(only child who had survived out of 5 childbirths)of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Mary was bethrothed to the dauphin of France at the age of 2. Queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics.

Elizabeth I (Tudor)

The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Catholics saw her as an "illegitimate" child and thus rejected her legitimacy. Protestant. She was a politique, she put political autonomy above religious matters. She issued the Elizabethan Settlement.. required people of England to go to the Church... if they didn't go they would be charged a tax."Virgin Queen"

Mary Queen of Scots

Mary Stuart; Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded. The beginning of England dominance.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Counter-Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Inquisitions

institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Index of Prohibited Books

A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England after the execution of Mary Stuart.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

New monarchies

Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

Sponsored Columbus' voyage in search of Gold, God, and Glory.