week 8 : ch 12 flashcards

social psych

Which of the following statements about impression formation is not accurate?

People’s first impressions are easily shifted based on later interactions and information.

Why are first impressions difficult to change?

We filter information through existing social schemas, which help them become lasting impressions.

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive bias that can impact attributions?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Carlos claims to hate alcohol, but has a drink every night at the end of his work shift. Which of the following would be most likely to explain how Carlos reduces the cognitive dissonance he likely experiences?

Carlos may simply refuse to acknowledge the inconsistency between his attitude towards alcohol and his behavior of daily drinking.

According to the elaboration likelihood model, when does attitude change occur through a central processing route?

When evaluation likelihood is high, we use a central processing route.

According to psychologists, attraction is influenced by which factors?

Similarity, physical attractiveness, proximity, and reciprocity

According to Robert Sternberg’s model of love, what are the basic components of love?

Intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment

How can helping behavior be motivated by selfish needs?

Helping may be motivated by altruistic and self-centered motives.

The cognitive bases of prejudice reflect tendencies to separate people into which categories?

In-groups and out-groups

How do social-cognitive theorists view aggression?

They view it as learned behavior that is acquired through observational learning and reinforcement.

How is social identity shaped by culture?

Social identity is generally a more prominent part of one’s psychological identity in collectivist cultures than it is in individualistic societies.

Subsequent research on Asch’s classic line study established reasons that people conformed in the study. Which one of the following was not a reason?

They felt intimidated by the other participants to change their behavior.

Jameel goes to the store to buy a new phone. Despite being advertised at one price, Jameel finds the final cost is much higher because of various fees that are added towards the end of the sale. Which manipulative sales technique is being used?

Lowball technique

What were the controversial findings of Milgram’s shock study?

A majority of participants were willing to obey the orders and shock others.

When does the presence of others enhance individual performance?

On simple tasks

Which term refers to the tendency for members of a group to become so concerned with reaching a consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate the problem before them?

Groupthink

Erin enjoys taking spin classes from her own home. Since her workout stats can be seen by anyone else taking the same class, she puts in more effort than when she just spins on her own. Which term best describes Erin’s behavior?

Social facilitation

A gender stereotype is best described as

a set of beliefs about being male and being female in a particular culture.

mental image or representation that we use to understand our social environment

social schema

tendency to characterize all members of a particular group as having certain characteristics in common

stereotype

expectation that helps bring about the outcome that is expected

self-fulfilling prophecy

personal assumption about the causes of behavior or events that are observed

attribution

tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences

fundamental attribution error

attribution of personal behavior to situational factors while attributing other people's behavior to internal factors

actor–observer effect

tendency to take credit for our accomplishments and to explain away our failures or disappointments

self-serving bias

positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, or issues

attitude

attitude

belief that people want to resolve discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes or beliefs

cognitive dissonance theory

theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change

elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

feelings of liking for others, with having positive thoughts and actions toward them

attraction

belief that people pair off with others who are similar in attractiveness and other characteristics

matching hypothesis

principle that people tend to like others who like them back

reciprocity

preconceived opinion or attitude about an issue, person, or group

prejudice

unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group

discrimination

negative bias held toward members of other racial groups

racism

social, religious, ethnic, racial, or national group with which one identifies

in-group

group other than those with which one identifies

out-group

sense of threat evoked in people from stereotyped groups when they may be treated stereotypically

stereotype threat

belief that under certain conditions, increased intergroup contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension

contact hypothesis

part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as unique individuals

personal identity

part of our psychological identity that involves sense of ourselves as members of particular groups

social identity

tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures

conformity

process of acceding to the requests or demands of others

compliance

compliance with commands or orders issued by others, usually people in a position of authority

obedience

tendency to grant legitimacy to the orders or commands of people in authority

legitimization of authority

using other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior

social validation

tendency to work better or harder in the presence of others than when alone

social facilitation

expending less effort when working as a member of a group than when working alone

social loafing

decision-making group's tendency to focus on reaching consensus over examining the issue

groupthink