AP World-Chapter 3 Part 1-2

linked short trade routes into overall network between Europe and East Asia (frame/mattress saddle, paper currency)

camel caravans

China's wealth with silk, peasants shifted food cultivation to focus on trading, silk trade prospered

luxury goods

groups of people w/ different beliefs and peaceful contact w/ Indian traders/Buddhist monks quietly brought faith to East Asia

cultural diffusion

wealth/gifts transform Buddhism, to asceticism to more worldly practice

transformation of Buddhism

repeated name of Buddhist deity

pure land Buddhism

Confucianism resisted Buddhist growth and abolished practice, Buddhism assimilation with Chinese culture with "neoconfucianism" while sharing local temples

Buddhist change

largest sea trade network before 1500's
southeast Asia to eastern Africa
porcelain spices ivory gold incense

Sea roads

predictable monsoon sailors could anticipate weather, highway on Indian ocean

environmental factors

improving magnetic needle use of astrolabe and ships the dhow and junk

technological impact

diasphoric community large migration, spreading of people in culture

social influence

kingdom in southeast Asia transformed by trade geography became cosmopolitan and major center for cultural diffusion

Srivijaya

largest religious monument in the world. Hindu to Buddhist temple, present Cambodia "Khemer Empire"

ankorwat

Considered prestigious new major city centers

Southeast Asia and its influence

Indonesian city converted to Islam to attract trade
first globalized city
dozens of culture
language cross roads

Malacca

East African: demand african goods opened to indian ocean trade
gold ivory quartz leopard sins iron timber slaves exotic animals

Swahili civilizations

exchanged goods from interior africa for china goods, SE asia and india
much of EA adapted islam during prolonged contact

swahili and indian ocean world

demand for gold fueled the growth
known for huge stone structures as a sign of wealth
expose to trade=what for human civilizations

Great Zimbabwe

extended exposure to roman and muslim worlds generating cloth glassware weapons and books

North Africa

extensive salt an copper deposits

Sahara Desert

grows extensive crops like yams and kola nuts

West Africa

survive ten days in desert without water making desert travel possible

Arabian camel

ghana, mali, songhey, kanem emerged and grew fabulous wealth
Marsa Musa king of Mali in 1300s wealthiest person to ever exist due to the salt and sand trade

West African Kingdoms

Chinese sailors and traders

important in the south china sea and southeast Asian ports in 11 century

Emporer Yongle

massive fleet in 1405

Zheng He

Muslim Eunuch strived to engage distant people in Chinese tribute system, Chinese control over foreign trade

Chinese voyages

abruptly stopped voyages in 1433, "waste of time"

Voyages impact on trading

Chinese merchants and craftsman settled and traded with japan, Philippines, Taiwan, and SE Asia with no government support
Portuguese penetrated across sahara

Long distance trade

linked North Africa and Mediterranean with West Africa

environment impact on trans african trade

north africa manufactured goods, people grew crops, produced textiles, mined gold, provided incentives

Ecological zones

sahara grasslands and forest areas

arabian camel

10 days without water, made sahara travel possible, regular commerce by 300-400 C.E.

West Africa trading

gold in high demand and ivory, kola nuts, slaves. Got cloth, horses, salt, and manufactured goods in return

Caravans

traveled for 1000 years, sahara major international trade route

Trade created...

new/larger political structures, new west african civilization, series of states in western/central Sudan between 600-1600. (ghana, mali, songhay)

African City States

created by Hausa speaking people in north nigeria
kano, katsino, gober city states on east african coast
flourishing urban/commercial culture and great riches
monarchies with elaborate court life and military forces
high point in 14th century

social/gender heirarchies

most rulers, public officials, and merchants were male
matrilineal patterns replaced by patrilineal in 1200
Power women were seen as dangerous, seductive distraction, untrustworthy
average women central agriculture/weaving, royal women oral traditions and myths

slaves in west africa

mainly women
male slaves were officials, porters, craftsman
mainly came from societies farther south
1100-1400, 5500 slaves a year

urban and commercial centers

manufacturing centers (beads, iron tools, cotton textiles)
cosmopolitan places (known for close tied jobs)
major trading system of timbuktu
trade facilitated by diasporic communities

Islam in West Africa

islam was peaceful w/ traders, mostly voluntary without incentives

Spread of islam in WA

spread many in urban centers, links to muslim trading, literate officials assisted religious legitimacy

mansa mula

ruler of mali prominent pilgrim, hajj in 1324 (really rich)

Islamic centers

west african cities 16th century

Timbuktu education

150 quranic schools multiple centers, libraries tens of thousands of books, rulers subsidized the building of major mosques, Arabic language of religion/fine arts

Islam and Africa relationship

Islam was africanized and WA was islamized

isalamic world

great place for communication and exchange
trade/brok down policial barriers
valued commmerce
sharia law

muslim merchants

on all afro eurasion trade routes, commercial canton colony, spread of water management

diffusion of technology

Chinese rockets improved, paper making techniques from china

exchange of ideas

persian bureaucratic practice, court ritual, poetry
older texts
house of wisdom
developments in literacy/fine arts

american connections

not as dense as afro eurasian, limited communication

american limitations

lack of llama, potato, maya writing
azteca and inca had little contact
lack of domesticated/large animals, wheeled vehicles
geographical obstacles with panama
commerce flourished, no long distance trade

cahokia

center of widespread trading network, had copper animal hides

chaco canyon

five major settlments (pueblos), biggest mexican structure

third node in mesoamerica

maya and teoithucian traded through land, maya traded by sea on both coasts

pochtea

proffesional aztec merchants