Oxygen transport 2

As exercise increases

When do you have more of a need to extract oxygen from the blood?

At rest

Does this represent at rest or during exercise?

During exercise

Does this represent at rest or during exercise?

No it is difficult to change because they genetically have high vO2 maxes

Is vO2max easy to change in training for athletes?

Can be trained on middistance and long distance athletes to get it as high as possible

Is anaerobic threshold easy to change in training for athletes?

Being able to perform exercise and consume the least amount of oxygen

What is efficiency?

Point in which the major contribution for exercise is anaerobic metabolism

What is anaerobic threshold?

A person will fatigue and bunk because they cannot sustain a lot of high intensity

What will happen if anaerobic threshold is low?

12-16 weeks

How long will it take to increase anaerobic threshold?

At 10mph

If anaerobic threshold is at 70% of vO2max and the athlete can sustain a vO2 of 52.5, when will the athlete bunk?

Yes, expect >10% increase

Is it possible to increase the vO2max of an untrained individual?

Anaerobic threshold

What is the point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the blood?

%vO2max

What is anaerobic threshold expressed as?

Point in which amount of CO2 shoots up as VO2 max levels off

What is ventilatory threshold?

Point in which lactate accummulation spikes up

What is lactate threshold?

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation, Ventilatory Threshold, and Lactate threshold, not everybody responds the same

What are the other names for anaerobic threshold but why cant they really be considered interchangeable with AT?

A higher exercise intensity and that leads to improved performance

If you have a higher anaerobic threshold what can be maintained?

Yes

Can exercise training increase anaerobic threshold?

~60%

How much will exercise training increase anaerobic threshold in untrained individuals?

~>80%

How much will exercise training increase anaerobic threshold in trained individuals?

75-83%

How much will exercise training increase anaerobic threshold in top marathoners?

At or above your AT point

In order to increase AT, what point do you want it at?

• Enhanced oxygen delivery to muscle

• Biochemical changes: pyruvate oxidation and decrease lactate formation

• Increase blood lactate removal during exercise

• Increase mitochondrial density

• Increase ability of cells to oxidize fats

• Increase FFA uptake

• Augment pyruvate entry into mitochondria

Select all of the ways that endurance training can increase anaerobic threshold?

Within 1st minute

When do marathoners burn fat?

Yes

If you increase mitochondrial density, can you get more oxygen into the muscle?

When less oxygen is required and training

What gives greater efficiency?

• Tempo-pace (set a pace for athlete)

• Cruise-interval ((fartlek) run fast for few minutes, then go slow and repeat at AT))

• Typical intensity is ~85% VO2max or running velocity of 15-20s/mile slower than 10K race pace

Select all of the ways that you can train the oxygen transport system.

• High VO2max

• High anaerobic threshold

• High efficiency

What capacities are important for endurance success? Select all that apply.

No

Do all exercises elicit the same cardiac response?

Exercise that involves repetitive movements of large muscle groups (cycling or running)

What is dynamic exercise?

A single bout of exercise (weight lifting)

What is resistance exercise?

• Decrease in resting heart rate

• At any given exercise intensity, HR lower in trained than untrained

• Increase in VO2 (increase mitochondria size and number and capillaries around misulan beds)

• Hypertrophy: increase in ventricular mass, but greatest change in volume capacity of the heart

What are the cardiovascular adaptations for dynamic exercise? Select all that apply.

• Little evidence resistance exercise lowers resting HR and BP to extent of dynamic exercise

• At a given resistance exercise intensity, HR and BP are lower in resistance trained then resistance untrained

• There is a significant difference in the response of ventricular volumes compared to dynamic exercise

• increase peripheral resistance and decrease venous return which leads to pressure overload during exercise

• With pressure overload there is significant increase in ventricular muscle mass

What are the cardiovascular adaptations for resistance exercise? Select all that apply.

Provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body, plays a role in the regulation of acid-base balance during exercise

What is the respiratory system?

Ventilation (breathing) and the experience of gases (O2 and CO2) in the lungs

What is pulmonary respiration?

Relate to O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissues

What is cellular respiration?

To provide a means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body

What is the primary function of the lungs?

Refers to the mechanical process of moving air into and out of lungs

What is ventilation?

The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

What is diffusion?

Diffusion

What is the premise of gas exchange driven from?

It is the smallest functional unit of the lung and the gas exchange

What is the alveoli and what does it drive?

Lower concentration

What concentration does the oxygen you breath go to?

Spirometry

What are pulmonary volumes and capacities measured by?

Maximum amount of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration, cant expire everything because lung will collapse

What is residual volume (RV)?

Sum of VC and RV, how much air you can expire

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

Total lung capacity (TLC)

What is number 1?

Vital capacity

What is number 2?

Residual volume

What is number 3?

Tidal volume

What is number 4?

Pulmonary ventilation

What is the rhythmic movement of air in/out of lungs?

VE = TV (per breath) x f (breaths per minute)

What is the minute ventilation equation?

Minute ventilation

What is the amount of oxygen moved called?

• f = 12 breaths/min

• TV = 0.5 L/breath

• VE = 6.0 L/min

What are the normal values for average rest of minute ventilation? Select all that apply.

• f = 35-45 breaths/min (60-70)

• TV = can exceed 2.0 L/breath

• VE = 140 - 200 L/min

What are the normal values for strenous exercise of minute ventilation? Select all that apply.

65%

TV rarely exceeds what % of vital capacity during exercise?

Whe you get ready to walk or exercise

When does ventilation increase right away?

If you dont change intensity

For ventilation, when does leveling off or steady state occur?

Using a lot of oxygen to reestablish systems

For ventilation, what causes a rapid decrease?

Intensity of exercise

What is ventilation during exercise dependant upon?

It increases linearly

If you don't reach steady state, what happens to ventilation?

Initially, ventilation increases rapidly and then a slow rise toward steady state, PO2 and PCO2 are maintained

What happens during rest-to-work transitions?

Energy production pattern

What pattern does ventilation follow when it reaches steady state and levels off?

Increases linearly

During progressive exercise, how is ventilation early on?

Disproportional increase (hyperventilation and breathe off more CO2 in higher exercise intensity?

During progressive exercise, how is ventilation later on?

No, you cant train to better lung volume

Is ventilation a limiting factor?

Ventilatory threshold

In theory, what does the graph represent?