Honors World History I: Key Concepts and Reviews

Acephalous societies

No centralized power, conflicts settled through discussion and negotiation

Lineage groups

Social and political Organization

Egalitarian societies

No one has more resources, power, or prestige, no land ownership, little technology, need for mobility, share food

al-Maghreb

Muslim State

Spread of Islam

Spread through conquest and trade, brought order, common identity

West Africa and Sahel strength

Through trade and religion

African trade routes change

Shifted eastward, new gold deposits found

Sundiata's contribution to Mali

Promoted agriculture, re-established gold-salt trade

Mansa Musa

Expanded the empire, considered richest person of all time

Kilwa

Rich city built on trade, controlled overseas trade of gold, attracted Portuguese, Portugal was interested in trade

Portugal's interest in Africa

Trade

Great Zimbabwe

Good land, controlled trade routes, impressive structures

North American peoples' view of land

They viewed it as something sacred

Potlatch

Displayed wealth, reinforced reciprocity

Maya's main industry

Agriculture

Purpose of Mayan glyphs

Record historic events, pass on stories, codex-bark paper book

Maya calendar basis

Planets, sun, moon

Role of sacrifice among the Maya

They believed it kept the world in balance

Aztec society basis

Conquest and tribute

Aztec sacrificial practices

It killed a massive amount of people

Mita

Labor tribute

Siege of Constantinople

Changed history in 1453

Motivations for exploration

God, Glory, Gold

Significant new technology in exploration

Caraquel: could sail against the wind, magnetic compass, astrolabe

Portugal's role in exploration

They dominated at first

Treaty of Tordesillas purpose

Discourage Catholic countries like Portugal and Spain to fight each other

East India companies

Established treaties, minted money, raised armies, traded

Hongwu's action

Overthrow the Mongols, setting up the Ming Dynasty

Ming isolation

They didn't want any new ideas or religion so they isolated themselves from the European Countries, this was also to show power

Ming trade control

They heavily taxed manufactured goods which was essential to their economy and wanted to remain stable

China's industrialization barrier

They went into isolation

China's rejection of British trade

They believed they were self-sufficient and didn't want outside goods

Lord Macartney's request

Requested greater trade with China, but China ultimately said no

Japan's centralized government issue

They had internal issues like a power struggle and due to a lack of trade didn't grow their country like they should have

Japan's closed-door policy reason

They were concerned about outer policies and ways

Cortes' assistance in Aztec conquest

The Aztecs' enemies

Encomienda

Labor systems in the Americas

Encomienda assumptions

Europeans had the right to demand labor from the indigenous Americans

Bartolome de las Casas' impact

He wanted to treat Indigenous Americans better, but instead used African people as slaves

Preference for Africans as enslaved people

Africans didn't know the land, and would be harder to find allies

Joint-stock companies

A way to finance colonies in the Americas

Wealth from the Americas effect on Europe

Europeans gained wealth, massive growth in overseas trade

Atlantic slave trade

Tore families apart, cultural destruction, stole members of society, led to enduring legacy of racism and bigotry.

Crusades

Holy wars to recover Jerusalem from Muslim Seljuk Turks.

Lasting effects of the Crusades

Feudal nobility weakened, thousands of knights dead, fortunes lost to crusades, loss of church's influence, increase of trade, hostility between Muslims and Christians.

Reconquista

Spain's attempt to send out Muslims and Jews, resulting in the loss of the tax-paying middle class and a legacy of bitterness.

Inquisition

Spain's attempt to send out Muslims and Jews, resulting in the loss of the tax-paying middle class and a legacy of bitterness.

Great Schism

Fight over who was the true Pope, weakened the church.

Council of Constance

1417, council that elected Pope Martin V as pope and forced the other 3 to resign.

Wycliffe's complaints about the Church

Worldliness and papal authority.

Hus's complaints about the Church

Authority in the Bible higher than Pope.

Magna Carta

Guaranteed basic legal rights, intended for English nobility, gave no rights to ordinary citizens.

Results of the Commercial Revolution

More money available for building businesses, increase in kings' power.

3-field system

Food production increased, population grew, life became more stable, trade increased.

Black Death

Killed around one third of the population; caused disruption and collapse of medieval society.

Craft guilds

Association of people who worked in the same trade; controlled wages, prices, quality standards, and trained apprentices.

End of the Middle Ages

Longbow, Black Death, Hundred Years' War.

Hundred Years' War

Fought over English claims to the French throne; French won, leading to the national identities of England and France.

Renaissance

The revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models.

Renaissance in Italy

Began because France and England were fighting the Hundred Years' War.

Medici significance

Rulers and supporters of the arts (Patrons).

Significance of the printing press

Increased literacy, development of arts, science and math, cartography and engineering, human anatomy, and astronomy.

European block printing vs. Chinese

European languages did not have as many characters as the Chinese did.

Ideas of humanism

A focus on human potential and achievements, balance between intellect and religious faith.

Renaissance person

A person with knowledge and skills in multiple areas.

Erasmus significance

Critiqued dogmas, rituals, and business practices of the Catholic Church.

More significance

Authored Utopia.

Martin Luther's complaints about the Church

Selling indulgences; wrote about it in his book 95 Theses.

Luther's beliefs

The Bible was the ultimate authority; all people of faith were equal.

Support for Luther

European merchants didn't want to pay taxes to the church in Rome.

Peace of Augsburg

Ended the war between Catholic and Protestant German princes; resulted in the ruler of each German state choosing the religion.

Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church

He wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Role of the English king post-Reformation

He became the head of the Church.

John Calvin's beliefs

Predestination; theocracy; strict; humans cannot earn a place in heaven.

Council of Trent determinations

Church's interpretation of the Bible was final; Faith + good works = salvation; Bible and church tradition both authorities.

Sunnis belief

Leaders of Islam should be selected by the community (Caliph).

Shia belief

Leader should be descended from Muhammad (Imam).

Ghazis

Warriors for Islam.

Pursuit of religious converts, migration, and trade

A significant activity that drove European expansion and interactions.

Why did Europeans support Timur the Lame?

Because Europe feared Ottoman invasions.

What did Mehmed the Conqueror do after he conquered Constantinople?

Opened ship traffic between Ottoman territories in Asia and Balkans; was religiously tolerant.

What changes/reforms did Suleiman make?

Bound Ottoman Empire together, set up efficient government, simplified tax system, revamped laws; architecture, arts, and literature flourished, was religiously tolerant.

What was the devshirme?

Christian boys being educated and trained to become Muslim soldiers.

What were janissaries?

Elite warriors.

How were Suleiman and Akbar similar?

Both improved the government, architecture, art, and literature all flourished.

What did Shah Ismail do as leader?

Became religious tyrant, destroyed Sunni population of Baghdad; seized most of Iran at the age of 16.

What were the negative impacts of Shah Jahan on his people?

Ignored people's needs; depleted empire's resources and heavily taxed.

What did Suleiman, Mehmed, and Shah Abbas have in common?

They were all religiously tolerant.

What were the negative impacts of Aurangzeb on his people?

Oppressed people, heavily taxed, religiously intolerant, and caused many people to die of famine.

How did western influences impact the Safavid?

Military strategy, economic development, and cultural landscape.

What were common problems of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals?

Incompetent leadership.

What was 'divine right'?

God has chosen them and placed them on the throne; they were beholden only to God.

How did crises lead to absolutism?

Absolute monarchs having total power, continuous warfare, and increased taxes.

As king, what did Philip II do to strengthen Spain?

Defended Roman Catholicism; helped stimulate the arts, monarchs, nobility became patrons of the arts.

What problems weakened the Spanish Empire?

Prices increased due to the demand of goods, inflation, and the nobility paid no taxes.

What was the purpose of Versailles?

Demonstrate the power of Louis XIV.

What were the lasting results of the 30 Years' War?

Devastated Germany, Habsburg, and Holy Roman Empire, however strengthened France.

What was the outcome of the 7 Years' War?

British won, France lost colonies in North America and India.

What made Ivan 'the Terrible' terrible?

His secret police; he killed boyars, attacked 'traitors' and killed his own son.

What did Peter the Great do to westernize Russia?

Built St. Petersburg in an attempt to trade and travel with the west, also tried to change how Russian women dressed so they looked more like western women.