Anatomy, Biophysics, Physiology, Histology, and Biochemistry Practice Flashcards

This flashcard set covers key terminology from anatomy questions regarding muscle innervation, biophysics of muscle contraction, physiology of neurotransmitters and reflexes, and histological/biochemical aspects of bone and embryonic development.

M. risorius

The muscle that pulls the mouth laterally, causing a wide or broad grin (yayvan gülüş).

M. Digastricus innervation

The Venter anterior is innervated by N. trigeminus, and the Venter posterior is innervated by N. facialis.

Musculus buccinator

A muscle of facial expression innervated by the Nervus facialis.

Musculus latissimus dorsi

A powerful muscle that provides extension and internal rotation of the arm while rowing and moves the shoulder joint without attaching to the scapula.

N. phrenicus

A nerve in the neck region that crosses the M. scalenus anterior as it descends.

M. brachioradialis

A muscle located in the extensor compartment of the forearm that performs flexion of the forearm.

Arteria maxillaris (Pars pterygoidea)

The segment of the maxillary artery that gives off the Arteria temporalis profunda.

Ductus lactiferi

The ducts of the mammary glands that extend to the nipple.

M. pterygoideus lateralis

The primary muscle responsible for opening the mouth.

Platysma innervation

Nervus facialis.

Perimysium

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers.

Fossa poplitea (upper-outer boundary)

Sided or limited by the Musculus biceps femoris.

M. Genioglossus

A muscle that originates from the spina mentalis.

Areola mammaria

The dark-colored area surrounding the nipple (papilla mammaria).

Musculi lumbricales (foot)

Muscles that perform flexion at the MTP joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of the toes, excluding the big toe.

M. mentalis

The muscle responsible for protruding the lower lip forward.

Latent Period

The silent phase where the stimulus is transmitted, dihydropyridine and ryanodin receptors are stimulated, and Ca is released into the sarcoplasm.

Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction)

The law of physics that describes Ground Reaction Force (GRF) in kinetics.

Third-type Levers

The lever system most common in the human musculoskeletal system, providing speed and range of motion but requiring more force than the load.

Troponin C

The specific protein in the troponin complex that binds calcium.

Troponin I

The troponin subunit responsible for the inhibition of the actin-myosin interaction.

Troponin T

The troponin subunit that binds to tropomyosin.

SERCA

An ATP-dependent pump that transports Ca back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Endocannabinoids

Conventional neurotransmitters that are not stored in vesicles prior to release.

Transversus (T) tubules

Structures that allow for the rapid transmission of action potentials from the sarcolemma into the depths of the muscle cell.

Isometric Contraction

A type of contraction where tension is generated but the muscle length remains constant and the load does not move.

A̳̳̳̳̳̳̳ɣ (A gamma) motor neurons

Nerve fibers that transmit motor impulses to the muscle spindle.

Neural Crest Derivatives

Includes melanocytes, Schwann cells, glia cells, dental enamel, and the adrenal medulla.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A condition resulting from a deficiency in Tip 1 (Type 1) collagen.

Desidual cells

Cells originating from the endometrium that form the maternal part of the placenta.

Tip 10 (Type 10) Collagen

Collagen found in the hypertrophy zone of the growth plate that forms a hexagonal mesh for kıkırdak organization and mineralization.

Nodal cilia

Specialized cilia that play a critical role in the left-right asymmetry of internal organs.

Hydroxyapatite

The primary inorganic constituent of bone tissue that provides hardness.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A molecule that causes vasodilation, inhibits smooth muscle migration/proliferation, and inhibits leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.

Adiponectin

An adipokine involved in the control of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism.