living with the physical environment

Natural hazard

"Natural event that threatens human life or property."

Tectonic hazard

"Hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates

Earthquake

"Sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults."

Volcano

"Opening in the Earth's crust that allows molten rock

Primary effects

"Immediate impacts of a natural hazard

Secondary effects

"After-effects of a hazard

Tropical storm

"Intense low-pressure weather system with strong winds and heavy rain; called hurricanes

Formation of tropical storms

"Form over warm oceans; warm moist air rises

Impacts of tropical storms

"Flooding

Managing tropical storms

"Monitoring

Climate change

"Long-term change in global or regional climate patterns."

Causes of climate change

"Natural (volcanic activity

Impacts of climate change

"Rising sea levels

Managing climate change

"Mitigation (reduce emissions

Rivers

"Flowing bodies of freshwater from source to mouth; shaped by erosion

Hydraulic action

"Erosion caused by the force of water hitting riverbanks."

Abrasion

"Erosion caused by sediment rubbing against riverbed/banks."

Attrition

"Erosion where rocks collide and break into smaller pieces."

Solution

"Erosion by chemical action of water on soluble rocks."

Transportation

"Movement of sediment downstream: traction

Deposition

"Process where river drops sediment when it loses energy."

Flooding

"When river water spills over its banks; caused by heavy rainfall

Impacts of flooding

"Death/injury

Managing floods

"Hard engineering (dams

Coasts

"Area where land meets the sea; shaped by erosion

Waves

"Caused by wind; types include constructive (build beaches) and destructive (erode coast)."

Erosion processes

"Hydraulic action

Landforms of erosion

"Cliffs

Landforms of deposition

"Beaches

Coastal management

"Hard engineering (sea walls

Ecosystem

"Community of living organisms and their environment interacting as a system."

Tropical rainforest

"Dense forest in hot

Desert

"Dry region with low rainfall

Nutrient cycle

"Movement of nutrients through an ecosystem; e.g.

Deforestation

"Removal of trees; impacts: soil erosion

Desertification

"Degradation of land in arid areas due to climate change and human activity."

Sustainable management

"Managing resources and environments in ways that meet present needs without harming future generations."

Rainforest management

"Selective logging

Desert management

"Water conservation

Fieldwork

"Practical collection of data in real environments; includes sampling

Fieldwork techniques

"Questionnaires

Primary data

"Information collected directly by the researcher."

Secondary data

"Information collected by someone else; e.g.

Sampling methods

"Random

Presentation of data

"Graphs

Data analysis

"Identify patterns