Final Exam

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

in order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use:

true experiments

Blake is selected for a study on music preference and happiness. He thinks the experimenter's hypothesis is that people who listen to classical music are happier. As a result, Blake reports listening to classical music more often than he really does, as well as inflated scores on self reported happiness. This is an example of:

participant demand

A researcher would like to determine the effect of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to receive a caffeine pill or a sugar pill. Both groups complete a recall task that assesses their memory. However, even those who received the sugar pill had a small increase in memory. This is likely due to:

placebo effect

Jasmeet is interested in conducting an experiment in which she manipulates the amount of food she gives her Siamese fighting fish. She ensures that the size of the fish tank is identical for each fish, and that fish are assigned into groups randomly. What aspect of this experiment has Jasmeet not worked out?

dependent variables

According to Kuhn, there are several features of a good scientific theory. Which of the following is one of these features?

Accuracy: good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality

Research results do not prove hypotheses because __________.

inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof

Tasneem is interested in understanding the physical abilities of older adults. She recruits a sample of 60-80 year-olds from a local gym and test their abilities.What might be a fair criticism of her scientific reasoning?

Because Tanseem drew her sample from a gym it is likely that her results will not accurately reflect the larger population of older adults

The belief that psychological research should be used to improve people's lives (for example, in making people happier, healthier, and more interpersonally successful) is an example of _______ in science.

value

According to Karl Popper, the _____ of claims is an important difference between science and pseudoscience.

falsifiability

Confidentiality requires that:

access to collected data be limited to research staff

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation?

Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

What is the one reason why scientific psychologist follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research?

To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their research?

A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks.

One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individual's data should not be made public without consent from the individual.

confidentiality

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.

cognitive

Hermann von Helmholtz studied the physiology of vision and hearing. Given the physical nature of his work, why is he considered important to the development of psychology as a discipline?

He noted that the mind could be measured using scientific methods.

Which doctoral degree in psychology was first introduced in 1973, and places a greater emphasis on clinical training and practice as opposed to the development of scientific research skills?

the scholar-practitioner model

Which of the following best describes the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Structuralists are interested in what the mind is and functionalists are interested in what the mind does.

Artrelle is taking part in a research study that examines her thoughts on the political election taking place in her country. Each night, before bed, she is to complete a questionnaire that gathers information on these topics. She submits her completed questionnaires to the researchers at the end of each week. What type of research method
is being used?

diary method

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior. Therefore, you decide to use an Electronically Activated Recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are:

studying daily behavior

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the relationship between different forms of validity in psychology research?

It is difficult to achieve high levels of both internal and external validity in the same research study.

Using an experimental research design, researchers manipulate the ________ variable and measure the ________ variable.

independent;dependent

what kind of research is traditionally considered to be the gold standard in psychology

The laboratory experiment

People's basic survival instincts such as fear, aggression, hunger and sex are associated with the:

limbic system

Although the brain is about ______ of a human’s body weight it consumes about ______ of all calories we consume.

2%;20%

Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?

epigenetics

Which of the following is a major problem with arriving at a conclusive scientific answer to the nature-nurture debate?

Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.

Quantitative genetics looks at similarities among individuals, analyzing how biologically related they are. These studies are often done on all of the following EXCEPT which?

unrelated strangers

If a baby were given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family, you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened, it would offer insights into the _________ question of what leads to an individual’s behavior.

nature-nurture question

A heritability coefficient is:

a measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences

If a baby were given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family, you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened, it would offer insights into the ________ question of what leads to an individual’s behavior.

nature-nurture question

It is possible to frame choices in a way that overcomes common decision making biases. Which of the following is NOT a plan that follows the principles of this type of “decision architects”?

using statistics to make decisions for hiring baseball players

When Oludapo goes into a car dealership to shop for a new truck, the price sticker on the vehicle that he wants says $32,000 even though he thinks it should really be closer to $25,000. As he negotiates with the salesperson, Oludapo offers 30,000 rather than starting at $25,000. In this example, the number on the price sticker has served as a(n) __________.

anchor

The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not even aware of ourselves is called _______________.

bounded ethicality

The Nobel Prize winning research of Tversky and Kahneman provided new insights about systematic and predictable __________ that influence individuals’ judgments.

biases

The main difference between the brains of humans and animals is that:

d. humans have a more developed frontal cortex

Research finds that the USA has organ donation consent rates of about 4.25 to 44%. In some other countries, that rate is as high as 99% or above. According to the text, what would increase organ donation consent rates in the USA?

changing to an "opt out" system in the USA

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as “rules of thumb.”

heuristics

Louisa and Ray are evaluating the amount of recess time that should be given in the next school year at new combined school for children from School A and School B. Louisa has a report that says over the last year children had no recess time at School A. Ray has a report that children had 60 minuted of recess time each day. Due to anchoring, Louisa is likely to give a recommendation that is:

lower than Ray's

Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures? Question 18 options: 1) IQ tests have become progressively easier over time. 2) The amount of scientific education people typically receive has increased over time. 3) The rates of many childhood diseases have fallen over time. 4) The quality of childhood nutrition has generally increased over time.

IQ tests have become progressively easier over time.

The questions on Binet’s original intelligence test were developed by:

Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?

70

Intelligence is:

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information

A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are:

standardized

When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:

Fear may undermine their performance.

Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores?

Carol Dweck

Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?

stereotype threat

Which of the following best characterizes decision-making?

Decisions can be both conscious and unconscious.

If Gina remarks, "It feels cold in here" but her two friends disagree with her and one point to the thermometer showing it is a record day for heat, Gina's comment is a reflection of her:

first person perspective

If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______.

her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness.

Dr. Rjinteck is interested in false eyewitness reports. She is conducting a study to see if a participant's judgment can be influenced if he/she is making decisions in a group of people versus alone. However, the other group members are not participants. Instead, they are research assistants who are "in on the study" and simply acting or playing the part of witnesses in the study. These pretend research subjects are known as _____________ in a study.

mock witnesses

Which of the following would be an example of a 'false memory'?

Gina remembers getting lost in a shopping mall when she was a child because her sister often tells her that this event occurred, even though it never really happened

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

false memory

Simon was driving erratically after drinking and was stopped by the police. They administered a “breathalyzer” test intended to measure Simon’s _________.

blood alcohol level

Each night at 10 pm, Jiao becomes very sleepy. This is most likely because _________.

she experiences an increase in melatonin production

Which Of The Following Is True Of Sleep?

Sleep deprivation is associated with better attention and memory.

Which type of brain activity is associated with wakeful states?

beta waves

The term “unconscious” was introduced in the 18th century by which German philosopher?

Platner.

Who is generally regarded as the most famous advocate of the importance of unconscious processes?

Freud

what kind of procedure is used to record the brain’s electrical activity over time by placing electrodes on the scalp?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

In a now-classic experiment Bargh and his colleagues had some participants unscramble words that were associated with stereotypes of being elderly. These participants subsequently walked more slowly than other participants. This may be due to the effects of:

priming

Which of the following is the best definition of priming?

recent exposure to stimuli increasing accessibility to the traits associated with that stimuli

Which of the following is the best definition of “Just Noticeable Differences”?

the phenomenon in which the minimum possible threshold for sensing a stimuli is identified.

Radhika is visiting Japan for the first time. She is attempting to learn the names of the food, eat with chopsticks, and pay attention to the etiquette of the meal. She is using ___________.

processing speed

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a “chemical sense” because __________.

chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

The vestibular system is primarily responsible for ____________.

processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance

Which of the following questions might be the most effective for examining the phenomenon of false memory?

Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product).

Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves.

frequency

Researchers have measured brain activity in children with and without autism. They have found differences between these two groups in brain activity related to seeing photographs of faces. Which of the following best characterizes these results:

the measurement of brain activity provides additional insights into autism that help us understand the biological aspects this phenomenon

Motor control is:

the use of thinking to direct muscles and limbs to perform a desired action

Researchers might expose a baby to an image of a face until they become bored and look away. And then present a new image to attract the baby’s attention. This is a study of __________.

involuntary response

a researcher was interested in how easy it is for children to learn to use new technologies such as smart phones. she created measures for speed of learning and administered these to 4 year old children in 2005, and then again each year for the next three years as new phones and software were released. which of the following might be problematic in her research?

there might be a cohort effect. the findings of the study might not generalize to older or younger generations who have different amounts of natural exposure to smartphones in childhood.

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget’s developmental stages?

formal operational

According to Piaget, a child who is in the __________ stage of cognitive development would fail a task of object permanence.

sensorimotor

Playing Chutes and Ladders gives children opportunity to be exposed to spatial, kinesthetic, verbal, and time-based cues on the size of numbers. Understanding the properties that indicate the size of numbers is also known as what?

numerical magnitudes

________ refers to one’s biological endowment, including the genes that we receive from our parents.

nature

Theory of __________ refers to a child’s growing understanding of how another person’s mental states can affect that person’s behavior.

mind

According to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style is marked by high expectations and control combined with high warmth and responsiveness.

authoritative

Jane is just learning to ride a tricycle, while riding on the sidewalk the surface changes from smooth concrete to bumpy brick. Jane is unsure if she should continue and looks at her mother who is smiling and urging her forward. This is an example of:

social referencing

According to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style is marked by low expectations and control combined with low warmth and responsiveness.

uninvolved

mary ainsworth's research on attachment relationships is important for three reasons that are noted in the text. which of these is not one of them?

she created new statistical techniques that could be used to determine the nature of child-parent relationships.

when bradon is placed in his crib, he watches as his father leaves the room. although he is tired bradon does not want to sleep yet. he begins to whine and soon cries loudly until his father comes back in, sits and rocks him for a bit, and then puts him down to sleep. bradon's action are an example of ________.

attachment behaviors

amanda is raising her first son, stanley, on her own. the child is very comfortable and at ease in his mother's presence, but when she is gone he gets tense and looks for her. amanda provides stanley with care, protection, and support. she is serving as a(n) ________ to the baby.

attachment figure

A child who has a(n) ________ attachment style with his parents and other important figures in her life is more likely than others to be seen as a bully as she gets older.

insecure-avoidant

which of the following countries has an emerging adulthood stage?tw

australia

Twenty-eight-year-old Ha-joon lives with his parents in South Korea. Like many other Koreans, Ha-joon believes he won’t feel like a full adult until he _____________.

can support his parents

What do emerging adults do that, according to Erik Erikson, used to be part of adolescence?

explore their identity

what percent of people in the USA pursue tertriary education currently?

70%

"Age is just a number” and “You are only as old as you feel!” are two common clichés that demonstrate the concept of __________ age.

subjective

there is a normal decline in older adults that occurs in their performance on tasks which require them to use:

fluid intelligence

Which factor is not one of Rowe and Kahn’s three criteria of successful aging?

a career with financial success

When Jason and Marcus visit their 82-year old grandmother, they ask how she has been. “I guess there are things that could be better, but overall I’m quite happy and very blessed,” she says. This spirited woman is demonstrating a very positive sense of __________ well-being.

global subjective

Antonucci’s Convoy Model of Social Relations says that social connections are held together by:

perceived emotional support

Which of the following one-sentence summaries of the science of learning is the most accurate?

in terms of learning and memory, it's not just the time you spend that matters but how you spend it

_____ occurs when we acquire information without expending effort and that we cannot easily express

implicit learning

how can people most effectively encode new information?

They can rely on effective encoding strategies.

What is perceptual learning?

learning that occurs when our perception changes as a result of experience

why can chess masters remember positions on a chess board better than novices?

chess masters are better able to chunk the information than novices