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Nonrecombinant chromosome
A chromosome that has not undergone recombination and retains its original genetic format.
Recombinant chromosome
A chromosome that has undergone recombination, resulting in a combination of genetic material from different chromosomes.
Genome engineering
The process of using molecular techniques to alter the characteristics of DNA, including CRISPR technology.
CRISPR-Cas9 technology
A genome editing tool that uses a guide RNA and Cas9 protein to make specific cuts in DNA.
Double strand breaks
A type of DNA damage where both strands of the DNA helix are severed, triggering a repair response in the cell.
DNA damage response
The cellular response to DNA damage that activates repair mechanisms and can involve the recruitment of repair proteins.
Homology directed repair (HDR)
A DNA repair mechanism that uses a homologous sequence as a template for repairing double strand breaks.
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)
A DNA repair mechanism that directly ligates the broken ends of DNA without the need for a homologous template.
Protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)
A short DNA sequence required for the CRISPR-Cas9 system to recognize and bind to its target DNA sequence.
Guide RNA
A piece of RNA that directs the Cas9 protein to the specific location on the DNA for cutting.
Epigenetics
The study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic code itself, often involving chemical modifications.
Transcriptional activators
Proteins that increase the transcription of specific genes by promoting the binding of RNA polymerase to the gene's promoter.
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)
A method of silencing gene expression using a non-cutting form of Cas9 (dead Cas9) fused to a transcriptional repressor.
CRISPR activation (CRISPRa)
A method of enhancing gene expression using dead Cas9 to bring activators to specific genomic regions.
Gene silencing
The process of suppressing gene expression, resulting in the gene being turned off.
Hybridization
The process in which two complementary strands of nucleic acids bind to form a double helix.
Fragile X syndrome
A genetic condition caused by the expansion of a CGG repeat in the FMR1 gene, leading to intellectual disability.
Intellectual disability
A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
Viral vector
A virus that has been modified to deliver genetic material into cells for therapeutic purposes.
ssDNA repair template
A single-stranded DNA sequence that can be used during homology-directed repair to introduce specific mutations.
mRNA
Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery.
CRISPR revolution
The transformative advancements in genetic engineering brought about by the development of CRISPR technology.
