BIO 201 Unit 3 Exam (Ch. 7-8) Skeletal System

ESCC Snellgrove Summer 2026

Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation?

Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

The bone matrix would be softer.

An 18-year-old needs to have their upper wisdom teeth pulled. What bone are these teeth connected to?

Maxilla

Which bone contains the xiphoid process?

Sternum

Which of the following is not a function of bones?

Contraction

Which of the following is not a function of bone?

To provide nervous communication from bone to muscle

__________ decreases blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin

What type of tissue comprises articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

Which bone is not part of the orbit of the skull?

Occipital

Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of __________, which decreases the rate of cell division of __________.

Growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate

Fontanels in the fetal skull permit bone movement during childbirth.

True

What is the effect of sex hormones on the skeletal system?

They stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates.

sella turcica

Sphenoid bone

crista galli

Ethmoid bone

external acoustic meatus

Temporal bone

foramen magnum

Occipital bone

What three bones fuse to form the hip bone?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

The atlas is one of the __________ vertebrae.

Cervical

Blood cell formation is called osteogenesis.

False (hematopoiesis)

Compact bone has __________, whereas spongy bone has __________.

Osteons; trabeculae

Bone remodeling occurs as osteoblasts resorb bone tissue and osteoclasts replace the bone.

False (osteoclasts resorb; osteoblasts build)

A patient needs to have surgery to correct a fracture sustained to one of the carpal bones. The surgery is occurring in their foot.

False

Where on a long bone is articular cartilage found?

On the outer surface of the epiphyses

The sternum is composed of three parts: the lower manubrium, the middle body, and the upper xiphoid.

False

What are phalanges?

Finger and toe bones

Which of the following is an example of an intramembranous bone(s)?

Bones of the cranium

The small intestine requires vitamin D to adequately absorb calcium.

True

What does the presence of an epiphyseal plate in a bone indicate?

The bone is lengthening.

The femur extends from the knee to the foot.

False

A bone shaft is the diaphysis; the expanded parts at the ends are the epiphyses.

True

A suture is an example of what kind of joint?

Fibrous joint

A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint.

True

Closed, fluid-filled sacs that function as cushions are called bursae.

True

An athlete, after years of pitching, requires surgery to repair his glenohumeral ligaments. Which joint has been injured?

Shoulder

Why does the hip joint have less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint?

The articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder.

What connects bones together in a cartilaginous joint?

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

rotation

Moving around an axis

adduction

Moving a part toward the midline

pronation

Turning palm downward/backward

supination

Turning palm upward/forward

Which of the following are examples of types of fibrous joints?

Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints

At the ankle joint, what movement brings the foot closer to the shin?

Dorsiflexion

Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called__________.

Menisci

Joints can be classified as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic. What characteristic was used to classify the joints?

Degree of movement possible at the joint

Turning the head to look at something over your shoulder is an example of what type of motion?

Rotation of the head

A football player suffers from a partially torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which joint has been injured?

Knee

Joints are also called__________.

Articulations

What type of joint is between adjacent vertebral bodies?

Symphysis that is amphiarthrotic

glenohumeral ligament

Shoulder

ulnar collateral ligament

Elbow

pubofemoral ligament

Hip

patellar ligament

Knee

What movements are permitted by the elbow joint located between the humerus and the ulna?

Flexion and extension

The coracohumeral ligament is associated with which joint?

Shoulder joint

Rotation of the forearms so the palms face upward is called pronation.

False (it is supination)

What bones articulate to make the jaw joint?

Mandible and temporal bones

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a fibrous joint.

False (it is a synovial joint)

Which of the following is not a synovial joint?

Symphysis

What two hormones are responsible for bone remodeling?

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What does calcitonin do?

Lowers blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone and inhibiting osteoclast activity.

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity (bone resorption), increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting activation of vitamin D.

How does sunlight affect bone?

UV light helps the skin produce vitamin D, which is converted to calcitriol and increases calcium absorption for bone growth and remodeling.

What is the function of yellow marrow?

Stores lipids (fat) as an energy reserve.

At what ages are bones typically completely ossified?

Females: 21–23 years; Males: about 25 years.

Why does bone heal more effectively than cartilage?

Bone has a rich blood supply (vascular), allowing nutrients and repair cells to reach injuries, while cartilage is avascular and heals slowly.