Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Biology Final Exam Review

Bar Graphs

Used to compare different pieces of data to each other.

Line Graphs

Used to show how the dependent variable changes in relation to the independent variable.

Dependent Variable

Variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable.

Independent Variable

Factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed/manipulated.

Control Group

The group in an experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable.

Carbohydrate

Macromolecule with monomers called Monosaccharides. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

Proteins

Macromolecule with monomers called Amino acids. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.

Lipids

Macromolecule with monomers called Fatty acids. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

Nucleic Acid

Macromolecule with monomers called Nucleotides. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

Observation

Using the 5 senses to notice things.

Hypothesis

A tentative scientific explanation that can be tested further.

Controlled Experiment

Experiment with a manipulated independent variable and measured dependent variable.

Control Group

A part of the experiment that we can compare the experimental group to (does not get the independent variable).

Experimental Group

The group that gets the independent variable; the one we are testing.

ATP

Adenine + Ribose Sugar + 3 phosphate groups

Heterotrophs

Get their energy by consuming other organisms that have stored energy inside them.

Autotrophs

Produce their own energy in the form of glucose through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration

Process by which living organisms convert chemical energy in glucose into cellular energy in ATP.

Aerobic respiration

Needs oxygen to occur (cellular respiration).

Anaerobic respiration

Does not need oxygen to occur (fermentation).

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration. It is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Meiosis

Cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Sexual reproduction

Occurs between two different organisms and creates offsprings that are hybrids of the two parents who each gave 50% of their DNA. (Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity.

Asexual reproduction

Occurs within a single organism and creates a genetically identical offspring because all of the DNA came from one parent. (Asexual reproduction is simpler and takes less time).

Genome

A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. It consists of 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.

Karyotype

A karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs.

Autosomes

Any other chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. There are 44 autosomes in the human genome.

Sex chromosomes

Determine the individual’s sex. There are two sex chromosomes in the human genome, the X and Y.

Genes

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic.

Alleles

The different versions of a gene. One dominant and one recessive.

Homozygous

Having both recessive or both dominant alleles (AA, aa)

Heterozygous

Having one recessive allele and one dominant allele (Aa)

Phenotype

The physical characteristics of an organism

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

Incomplete dominance

A form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.

Codominance

A type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

Multiple alleles

Multiple alleles is a type of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern that involves more than just the typical two alleles that usually code for a certain characteristic in a species.

Polygenic traits

A polygenic trait is a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes.

Diploid cell

Contains both homologous chromosomes;2N. They are found in somatic cells.

Haploid cell

Contains only a single set of chromosomes;1N. They are found in gametes and created during meiosis.

mRNA

Makes a copy of DNA during transcription, travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, 3 bases = 1 codon

tRNA

Present in cytoplasm, carries amino acids to the ribosome for translation. On tRNA, 3 bases make an anticodon that pairs with codons on mRNA

rRNA

Aids in amino acid assembly, 2 subunits of ribosome are made of many ribosomal RNA molecules and as many as 80 proteins.

Codon

Three bases that code for a single amino acid.

Mutation

Any changes in the nucleotide sequence as a result of a failure of the system to revert the change.

Binomial nomenclature

The name given to each species in classification. The genus and species of each animal makes up its binomial nomenclature.

Systematics

The science of naming and grouping organisms, and discovering the relationships between them.

Cladogram

A diagram based on evolutionary relationships

Clade

A group of organisms with a common ancestor

Derived characteristic

A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor

Protista

Complex, single-cell, and sometimes multicellular.

Fungi

Some are unicellular, most are multicellular filamentous forms with specialized complex cells

Plantae

Multicellular form with specialized complex cells; Autotrophic

Animalia

Multicellular form with specialized complex cells; Ingestive heterotrophs

Xylem

Carries water and minerals from the roots upward toward the rest of the cell.

Phloem

Carries glucose created by photosynthesis from the leaves downward to the rest of the cell.

Amphibians

Live in the water as larvae and on land as adults. Reproduce in water, have lungs. (frogs, toads, salamanders)

Birds

Feathers, lightweight bones, scale covered legs, front limb wings. (ostrich, cardinal, eagle, hawk)

Reptiles

Dry, scaly skin, strong limbs, lay eggs, cold blooded. (lizard, snake, tortoise)

Mammals

Mammary glands used to feed young, hair, four chambered heart. (human, dog, cat)

Bony Fish

Fish with a strong, bony skeleton (tuna, bass, trout, other fish)

Cartilaginous Fish

Cartilage skeleton to offer greater body movement control, and better thrust in the water (sharks, rays, skates)

Jawless Fish

Lampreys and hagfish