Development of Music and Arts in the Revolutionary and American Periods

Vocabulary flashcards covering historical events, figures, musical styles, dance, visual arts, and theater developments in the Philippines during the Revolutionary and American Periods.

Rondalla

An ensemble of plucked stringed instruments.

Timbre

The element of music that refers to sound color.

Marcelo Adonay

A self-taught conductor, composer, and teacher born in Pakil, Laguna, who became maestro de capella at San Agustin Church and conducted Beethoven's Missa Solemnis in D Major in the Philippines in 1887.

Ladislao Bonus

A musician born in Pandacan, Manila, who is often called the 'Father of the Filipino Opera' and founded an all-Filipino opera company.

Julián Felipe

A composer from Cavite best known for composing 'Marcha Magdalo' (later 'Himno Nacional Filipino'), which was performed on June 12, 1898, during the declaration of Philippine independence.

Julio Nakpil

A self-taught pianist and composer born in Quiapo, Manila, who joined the Katipunan under the name J. Giliw and married Gregoria de Jesús in 1898.

Banda Zabat

Organized on November 22, 1820, in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, by Tagalog priest Eliodoro Chico y Bustamante, it was the first local band in the area.

Kundiman

A 19th-century Filipino art song written in triple time that starts in a minor key and ends in the parallel major key.

Jocelynang Baliwag

Also known as the 'Kundiman ng Himagsikan,' a famous song that expressed love for both the nation and Jocelyna Tiongson from Bulacan.

Ati-Atihan Festival

Known as the oldest festival in the Philippines, which originated in the 13th century to honor the indigenous Aeta (Ati) people and incorporated devotion to the Sto. Niño in the 17th century.

Pastores

A Filipino dance performed during the Christmas season depicting the shepherds' visit to the stable where Christ was born.

Sayaw ng Bati

A dance of greeting performed in Angono, Rizal, during the Easter Sunday Salubong by two women known as the tenyenta and kapitana.

Bali (or Kiling)

A movement in the Sayaw ng Bati where the dancer bends the torso from the waist to one side and turns in a smooth circular motion.

Ilustrados

A 19th-century social class of wealthy native merchants ('enlightened ones') whose European-educated children commissioned secular and Western-style art.

Miniaturismo

A style of portraiture painting involving meticulous attention to detail, realistically depicting faces, garments, embroideries, accessories, and furnishings.

Paisajes

The Spanish term for landscape paintings that depict nature views.

Bodegones

A painting genre referring to still life artworks composed of inanimate objects such as human-made items, fruits, cut flowers, food, and wine.

Letras y Figuras

An art form developed by 19th-century artist José Honorato Lozano that spells out words or names using human figures, animals, plants, and landscapes.

Tipos del País

A genre of painting and sculpture depicting people of various social classes, ethnic groups, and occupations in traditional attire.

Damián Domingo

A Filipino-Chinese artist known for Tipos del País paintings who established the first art school in the Philippines, the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in Binondo.

Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho

An 1884 silver medal-winning painting by Félix Resurrección Hidalgo depicting two young Christian maidens being sold as slaves in front of leering men.

Santos

Three-dimensional sculptures depicting Christian saints and figures used to decorate churches and devotees' homes.

Retablos

Large, intricately carved altarpieces located at the front of a church congregation where patron saints' statues are displayed.

Mariano Madriñan

A sculptor from Paete, Laguna, who won a gold medal at the 1883 Amsterdam Exposition for his sculpture Mater Dolorosa.

Komedya

A Filipinized version of the Spanish comedia introduced in the 17th century featuring elaborate costumes, stylized movements, and dialogue spoken in verse.

Moro-moro

A type of komedya that dramatizes battles between Christians and Muslims, usually portraying Christian victories.

Senakulo

An 18th-century Lenten play written in verse or prose that dramatizes the story of Christian salvation from Creation to the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Sarsuwela

A musical theater form originating around 1879–1880 that combines spoken prose dialogue, singing, and dancing to showcase social and romantic themes.

Progressive Music Series

The primary music instruction resource used in elementary grades during the American Period, featuring a Philippine edition by Norberto Romualdez.

Francisco Santiago

Known as the 'Father of Kundiman Art Song,' he composed 'Kundiman, Anak-Dalita' (1917) and became the first Filipino director of the UP Conservatory of Music.

Nicanor Abelardo

A prolific composer regarded as the Philippines' 'Father of Music Modernism' who composed 'UP Beloved' and 'Mutya ng Pasig.'

Antonio J. Molina

The first composer conferred with the title of National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 1973, known for integrating ethnic instruments and folk tunes into his compositions.

Foxtrot

A ballroom dance in quadruple meter utilizing smooth, flowing continuous movements with step-pattern combinations like slow-slow-quick-quick or slow-quick-quick.

Bayani Casimiro

A famous tap dancer dubbed 'The Fred Astaire of the Philippines' who performed extensively across stage, film, and bodabil shows.

Lubov Adameit

A Polish ballet instructor who settled in Manila in 1927 and established the Cosmopolitan Ballet and Dancing School on San Marcelino St.

Centro de Artistas

An organization formed on February 11, 1904, by painters, sculptors, musicians, and writers to provide education in the arts and organize public cultural programs.

Victorio Edades

Known as the 'Father of Philippine Modernism,' he introduced modernism through controversial works like The Builders (1928), featuring rough and distorted forms.

Rizal National Monument

A Luneta monument entitled Motto Stella, designed by Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling and inaugurated on December 30, 1913.

Bonifacio Monument

A landmark sculpture in Caloocan designed by Guillermo Tolentino featuring figures of Andres Bonifacio, Katipuneros, and historical martyrs around an obelisk.

Bodabil

The Filipinized version of vaudeville that developed into a popular variety show incorporating comedy skits, singing, dancing, and magic acts.

A Modern Filipina

A 1915 play written by Jesusa Araullo and Lino Castillejo at Philippine Normal College, considered an early milestone in Filipino theater written in English.