T5.2 Social Impact of Industrialism World History 2 ( T5 )

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Urbanization

the movement of people to cities. The Industrial Revolution brought this and changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. Almost overnight small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. Other cities grew up around the factories that entrepreneurs built in once-quiet market towns.

Bourgeoisie

New middle class created by the Industrial Revolution whose members came from a variety of backgrounds. Some were merchants who invested their profits in factories. Others were inventors or skilled artisans who developed new technologies. Some rose from "rags to riches," a pattern that the age greatly admired. Middle-class families lived in well-built, well-furnished homes. They did not do physical labor or work outside the home.

Tenements

multistory buildings divided into apartments. Vast numbers of poor struggled to survive in foul-smelling slums. They packed into tiny rooms in this. These had no running water, only community pumps.

Labor Unions

organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions. During the early Industrial Revolution, there were none. As the Industrial Revolution began, weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the new "labor-saving" machines that were replacing their jobs. From 1811 to 1813, protesting workers, called Luddites, smashed machines and burned factories. The Luddites were harshly crushed. Although frustrated workers continued to protest, they were forbidden to form worker associations and strikes were outlawed.

Standard of Living

the level of material goods and services available to people in a society. Slowly, the factory system rose this. Families ate more varied diets, lived in better homes, and dressed in inexpensive, mass-produced clothing. Advances in medicine ensured healthier lives.

Social Mobility

the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale. The Industrial Revolution increased this. In the past, birth determined a person's rank in society. Although birth still gave nobles their status, some families were able to move up the social ladder through successful enterprise. BY the late 1800s, many people embraced the "rags to riches" idea, whereby a person could achieve great wealth and status through hard work and thrift. With the increase of this also came greater political rights.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and author of The Wealth of Nations. He asserted that a free market would come to help everyone, not just the rich. A free market, Smith said, would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. Theory that 2 natural laws governed all business and economic activity, which was supply & demand and competition. System was Free Enterprise, where the government should not interfere in matters of business.

Wealth of Nations

Book by Adam Smith which asserted that He asserted that a free market would come to help everyone, not just the rich. A free market, Smith said, would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. A growing economy would also encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures.

Free Market

unregulated exchange of goods and services. Smith asserted that this would come to help everyone, not just the rich and that it would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. A growing economy would also encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures.

Thomas Malthus

English capitalist economist and author of An Essay on the Principle of Population. Like Smith, he was a laissez-faire thinker whose writings influenced economic ideas for generations. During the early 1800s, with industrial workers living and working in harsh conditions, many people accepted Malthus's bleak view. His view was proved wrong, however. Opposed any government help for the poor. In his view, the best cure for poverty was not government relief but the unrestricted "laws of the free market." He felt that individuals should be left to improve their lot through thrift, hard work, and limiting the size of their families.

Essay on Principles of Population

Book written by Thomas Malthus where he grimly predicted that poverty was unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply. He thought that the only checks on population growth were nature's "natural" methods of war, disease, and famine. As long as population kept increasing, the poor would suffer. He thus urged families to have fewer children and discouraged charitable handouts and vaccinations. His view was proved wrong, however. Although the population boom did continue, the food supply grew even faster. As the century progressed, living conditions in the Western world slowly improved, and people eventually did begin to have fewer children. By the 1900s, population growth was no longer a problem in the West, but it did continue to afflict many nations elsewhere.

David Ricardo

British economist who wrote Iron Law of Wages and claimed that the poor had too many children and had little chance to escape poverty. Opposed any government help for the poor. In his view, the best cure for poverty was not government relief but the unrestricted "laws of the free market." He felt that individuals should be left to improve their lot through thrift, hard work, and limiting the size of their families.

Iron Law of Wages

Proposed economic principles by David Ricardo which noted that when wages were high, families had more children. But more children increased the supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment. Because of such gloomy predictions, economics became known as the "dismal science."

Jeremy Bentham

British utilitarian philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism. He believed that all laws or actions should be judged by their "utility." In other words, did they provide more pleasure or happiness than pain? He strongly supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed happiness. Still, he saw the need for government to become involved under certain circumstances. His ideas influenced John Stuart Mill.

Utilitarianism

the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens. Bentham and Mill believed in this

John Stuart Mill

British utilitarian philosopher and economist who wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class. Therefore, while middle-class business and factory owners were entitled to increase their own happiness, the government should prevent them from doing so in a manner that would harm workers. He further called for giving the vote to workers and women. These groups could then use their political power to win reforms. Most middle-class people rejected his ideas. Only in the later 1800s were his views slowly accepted. Today's democratic governments, however, have absorbed many ideas from him and the other utilitarians.

Socialism

a political and economic theory that the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production - the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods. In practice, when these types of governments gained power in the 1900s, they tended to regulate the production and distribution of goods, which often proved inefficient. Believed greed was the root of man's suffering

Means of Production

the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods

Robert Owen

Utopian Welsh socialist reformer who campaigned vigorously for laws that limited child labor and encouraged the organization of labor unions. Set up a model community around a mill in New Lanark, Scotland, to put his own ideas into practice. At his factory in New Lanark, he built homes for workers, opened a school for children, and generally treated employees well. He wanted to show that an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still run a profitable business. He also started life as a poor Welsh boy and became a successful mill owner. Unlike most industrialists at the time, he refused to use child labor.

Karl Marx

German communist philosopher who, with Frederick Engels, published The Communist Manifesto in 1848 and also wrote Das Capital. Believed that in every society, there would be a violent revolution in which the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie. New Society would create a "dictatorship of the proletariat" or classless society in which everyone would jointly share (redistribution of the wealth). No Private Property or Private Enterprise. The government as an agent of "the people" would control ALL means of production (command economy). This would be temporary. He believed communism would bring a classless society in which the means of production would be owned in common for the good of all and the modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat. In the end, he predicted, the proletariat would be triumphant. Workers would then take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society. In such a society, the struggles of the past would end because wealth and power would be shared equally.

The Communist Manifesto

Book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels where Marx theorized that economics was the driving force in history. He argued that there was "the history of class struggles" between the "haves" and the "have-nots". The "haves" had always owned the means of production and thus controlled society and all its wealth. In industrialized Europe, Marx said, the "haves" were the bourugeoisie. The "have-nots" were the proletariat

Communism

a political and economic theory in which a classless society in which the means of production would be owned in common for the good of all

Proletariat

working class, "have-nots"

Social Democracy

political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system. German socialists adapted Karl Marx's beliefs to form this.

1798

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1801

Manchester reaches a population of 70,000 when it exploded into a center of the textile industry. Visitors described the "cloud of coal vapor" that polluted the air, the pounding noise of steam engines, and the filthy stench of its river. This growth of industry and rapid population growth dramatically changed the location and distribution of two resources-labor and people.

1833

Factory Act. Michael Sadler headed up a committee to look into the conditions of child workers in the textile industry. The Sadler Report contained firsthand accounts of child labor practices and helped bring the harsh labor conditions to light. As a result, Parliament passed new regulations to ease working conditions for children. Another law forbade the hiring of children under the age of nine and limited the working hours of older children in the textile industry. Over time, Parliament passed other laws to improve working conditions in both factories and mines and to limit the work day of both adults and children to 10 hours. IT also enacted laws to require the education of children and to stop the hiring of children and women in the mines.

1848

Communist Manifesto published by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx

1917

Russian Revolution begins, The Russian Revolution set up a communist government there that lasted until 1991

• Population growth/Overcrowded & Urbanization

• 𝗣𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻/𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (no sewers)

• New social classes (middle class, working class)

Social Impacts of Industrialization

• Poor ventilation (lung diseases)

• Poor lighting (accidents)

• Long hours

• No benefits (medical, vacation, or retirement)

• Supervisors could fine, beat, or fire employees for being late, slow, or disrespectful

Conditions in Factories

• 𝗢𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗼𝘄𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘆 (company towns)

• Usually only 1-2 rooms shared by the entire family; no plumbing

Conditions at Home

• Mostly well-educated professionals

• Social class based on economic standing, not birth

• More social & political influence

• Seen as a step-ladder anyone could use

Growth of the Middle Class

𝗣𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀/𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

• began with skilled workers

• Techniques: 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗸𝗲𝘀, 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗯𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴

• Illegal at first, members often fired, beaten and/or jailed. Legalized in some countries in the late 1800's

• 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻 𝗯𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗲

• 𝗿𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗻 & 𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿

Efforts at Reform

Marx Theory

the history of man is that of class struggle between the proletariat (workers) & bourgeoisie (owners)