L17 - Functional Groups and Isomers

Flashcards on organic chemistry lecture notes focusing on vocabulary related to organic molecules, functional groups, and naming conventions.

Line Drawings

Representation of organic molecules using lines to represent carbon-carbon bonds, with carbon and hydrogen atoms implied at the ends and intersections of lines.

Condensed Structural Formula

A representation of a molecule that groups atoms together by chemical connectivity but does not show bonds.

Molecular Formula

A formula giving the number of atoms of each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound.

Functional Groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Carbonyl

A functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

Alcohol

An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom.

Alkyne

An organic compound containing a triple bond between two carbon atoms.

Arene

An aromatic hydrocarbon, typically derived from benzene, characterized by alternating single and double bonds in a ring structure.

Thiol

A compound containing a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH), similar to an alcohol.

Ether

A compound containing an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R').

Primary Amine

A compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one alkyl or aryl group (R-NH2).

Secondary Amine

A compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups (R2-NH).

Tertiary Amine

A compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to three alkyl or aryl groups (R3-N).

Aldehyde

A compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom (R-CHO).

Ketone

A compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-CO-R').

Carboxylic Acid

An organic acid containing a carboxyl group (-COOH).

Ester

A compound formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water (R-COO-R').

Thioester

A thioester is a compound with the general formula R-CO-S-R', where a sulfur atom replaces one of the oxygen atoms in an ester.

Amide

A compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group (R-CO-NH2).

Meth, Eth, Prop, But

Prefixes used to indicate the number of carbon atoms in the main chain of an organic molecule (e.g., meth- for one carbon, eth- for two carbons).

Stem (Carbon Frame)

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule, used as the base for naming the compound.

Substituents

Atoms or groups of atoms attached to the main carbon chain in an organic molecule.

Cyclo-

A naming convention to indicate that a structure is cyclic

Isomers

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas