Anatomy and Physiology Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from anatomy and physiology, including the functions and structures of various systems in the body.

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

To produce thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.

What are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected by?

The isthmus.

What two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

What is the role of T3 and T4 hormones?

They are involved in the maintenance of blood pressure, regulation of tissue growth, development of skeletal and nervous systems, and reproductive capabilities.

What hormone do parafollicular cells produce?

Calcitonin.

What is the general function of calcitonin?

To lower serum calcium levels.

What type of gland is the pancreas?

Both endocrine and exocrine.

What are the clusters of cells in the pancreas called?

Islets of Langerhans.

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?

Glucagon.

What do beta cells in the pancreas secrete?

Insulin.

What is the function of delta cells in the pancreas?

To secrete somatostatin, which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion.

What are the three parts of the renal hilum?

Renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis.

What is the primary function of the nephron?

To filter blood and form urine.

What are the components of the nephron located in the cortex?

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

What is the role of the Loop of Henle?

To reabsorb water.

Which structure allows for bladder expansion?

Rugae.

What muscle aids in the emptying of the urinary bladder?

Detrusor muscle.

What are the primary structures of the female internal genital tract?

Ovaries, oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix, and vagina.

What is the primary function of the ovaries?

To develop and expel an ovum each month.

How long are the fallopian tubes?

8 to 14 cm.

What is the widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs?

Ampulla.

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

Testes, duct system (epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra), accessory glands (seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands), and external genitalia (penis, scrotum).

What is the function of the tunica albuginea?

It surrounds each testis.

What is the primary function of the epididymis?

To store and mature sperm cells.

What structure transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

Ductus deferens.

Which parts of the skin contain no hair or sebaceous glands?

Thick skin (palms and soles).

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What are the layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

What is the dermis composed of?

Papillary and reticular layers.

What is the thickest layer of skin?

Dermis.

Which muscle type is under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle.

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.

What is the role of the peritoneum?

To line the abdominal cavity and cover abdominal organs.

What is the difference between visceral and parietal serous membranes?

Visceral membranes cover organs, while parietal membranes line the cavities.

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Hinge joint.

Which cranial nerve controls mastication?

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal nerve).

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Immune response and fluid balance regulation.

Which organ concentrates bile?

Gallbladder.

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm.

What is the main component connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber?

Endomysium.

What is the largest salivary gland?

Parotid gland.

Which layer completely covers the outer surfaces of the lungs?

Visceral layer.

Which part of the ear is responsible for equalizing pressure?

Eustachian tube.

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs.

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

To collect urine from the kidneys.

Which structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Ureters.

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

To store urine.

What is the anatomical position of the arm?

Close to the side.

What is the name of the outer layer surrounding the heart?

Pericardium.

What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.

What is the main mineral regulated by calcitonin?

Calcium.

What structures are housed within the cranial cavity?

Brain.

Which layer of skin provides protection against UV radiation?

Epidermis.

What prevents friction between visceral organs?

Serous fluid.

What is the primary role of alpha cells in the pancreas?

To raise blood glucose levels by secreting glucagon.

What is the role of beta cells in the pancreas?

To lower blood glucose levels by secreting insulin.

How many chambers are there in the human heart?

Four.

What is the name of the cavity that contains the lungs?

Pleural cavity.

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

To secrete digestive enzymes and hormones.

What is the primary function of the spleen?

To filter blood and support the immune system.

What organ is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Bone marrow.

Which structure is responsible for producing testosterone in males?

Testes.

What phase of the cardiac cycle involves the contraction of the heart?

Systole.

What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix in connective tissues?

Collagen.

What type of joint is found in the shoulder?

Ball-and-socket joint.

Which muscle is responsible for the movement of the eye?

Extraocular muscles.

What is the role of the thymus?

To develop T-cells and support the immune system.

What are the basic units of the nervous system?

Neurons.

What is the primary function of macrophages?

To engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.

What is the largest organ in the human body?

Skin.

What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

What is the term for the basic functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron.

What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?

Lungs, heart, and major blood vessels.

What structure regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell?

Cell membrane.

What role do platelets play in the blood?

They facilitate clotting.

What are the two main types of immune responses?

Innate and adaptive immunity.

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

To carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

What is the primary role of the liver in digestion?

To produce bile.

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

To store bile.

What part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?

Cerebellum.

What is synovial fluid?

A viscous fluid found in synovial joints that reduces friction.

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Nutrient absorption.

What are the two layers of muscle in the walls of the digestive tract called?

Circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter blood and produce urine.

What are the three parts of the spinal cord?

Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.

What is the primary role of red blood cells?

To transport oxygen.

What is the common name for a hematoma?

Blood clot.

What is the main structural component of the heart?

Myocardium.

What are the two main components of the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord.

What is the name of the layer that covers the lungs?

Visceral pleura.

What is the anatomical position of the human body?

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward.

What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

To reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

What is the purpose of antigen presenting cells?

To display antigens to helper T cells.

What structures make up the respiratory zone of the lungs?

Alveoli and respiratory bronchioles.

What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?

It contracts to allow air into the lungs.

What is the function of the urethra in the urinary system?

To carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier?

To protect the brain from harmful substances.

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

To regulate homeostasis and endocrine function.

What are the lymphatic vessels responsible for?

Transporting lymph fluid.

What is the function of the skin's sebaceous glands?

To secrete oil (sebum) for lubrication.