dvm exam

Modernization – Cultural Version

Emphasizes that traditional cultural values hinder societal progress, while modern social values promote it.

Modernization – Economic Version

Argues that lack of savings and investment is the primary barrier to development, requiring both domestic and international investment.

Liberal Economics

Advocates for minimal government regulation to stimulate economic activity through private property rights and a free enterprise system.

Neo-institutionalism

Highlights the role of inclusive institutions and rule of law in enabling equitable economic development, contrasting with extractive institutions.

Economic Nationalism

Critiques international capital flows as barriers to development, advocating for national policies that promote local growth.

Dependency Theory

Identifies international capitalism as a main impediment to development and suggests strategies like socialist revolution to foster self-sufficiency.

Marxism

Focuses on inequality from capitalist accumulation and crises, proposing a transition to socialism for justice.

Structuralist Economics

Attributes poor development outcomes to unfavorable policies and advocates for pragmatic public policies at various levels.

Human Development and Capabilities

Argues for investment in health, education, and gender equality to enhance human agency and development.

Post-modernism

Challenges the concept of development as a myth and questions its validity as a goal.

Feminism

Advocates for gender equality as fundamental to genuine development.

Subaltern Studies

Explores power dynamics and calls for empowering marginalized groups.

Post-colonialism

Critiques development as a colonial myth supported by neo-colonial practices.

Mainstream Environmentalism

Argues for sustainable practices to prevent environmental and development issues.

Radical Environmentalism

Contends that development itself is the core problem and demands reassessment.

Economic Growth

Focus on changing traditional cultures and promoting modern values to facilitate growth.

Capital formation

Emphasizes the importance of both public and private investment as the cornerstone of development strategies.

Free market economy

Advocates for minimal government intervention to promote a truly free market.

Institutional change

Calls for building institutions that promote socio-economic growth.

Global capitalism

Recognizes its role in creating under-development and advocates for socialist planning.

Patterns of accumulation

Examines how society's material basis impacts economic outcomes.

Market failures

Encourages correction of failures while prioritizing human development.

Capabilities approach

Focuses on helping individuals realize their potential.

Domination

Identifies state and market as spheres of domination affecting social justice.

Gender relations

Calls for gender equality while analyzing who benefits from growth.

Subaltern resistance

Investigates state roles in perpetuating power imbalances.

Colonial power dynamics

Critiques lasting influences of colonial practices and oppressions.

Biophysical environment

Recognizes human integration with environmental sustainability.

Economic regulation

Calls for state-led initiatives linking economic practices to environmental responsibility.

World-Systems Theory

Analyzes global capitalism's imperialistic characteristics affecting development.

Dependency Theory Versions

Includes variations like Cardoso's and Frank's Dependency Theories.

1980s Development Perspectives

Four views included liberal mainstream, basic needs, human development model, and Dependency/World-Systems Theories.

Washington Consensus

Identified fiscal discipline, trade liberalization, privatization, and deregulation as pathways for Latin America.

Post-Washington Consensus

Critiques neoliberal frameworks and promotes equitable development balancing market and government roles.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Set in 2000 to eradicate poverty and improve living standards globally.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Adopted in 2015, focusing on comprehensive poverty elimination and sustainability.

Globalization

The interconnectedness of national economies and the integration of information, goods, and services.

Ethnoscapes

The movement of people affecting demographics and migration patterns.

Technoscapes

The exchange of technology across borders impacting development and disparities.

Financescapes

The movement of capital and its effects on global wealth and income inequality.

Mediascapes

Distribution and influence of media shaping global narratives.

Ideoscapes

Flow of political ideologies affecting domestic policies.

Dobuzinski's Three Worlds

World I promotes unregulated markets, World II adapts governments to globalization, and World III critiques inequality.

Neoliberalism

Market-driven policies associated with the Washington Consensus, raising questions on impacts and goals.

Adaptation to neoliberal pressures

Countries navigate unique challenges based on political, cultural, and social contexts.

Cahokia

A significant pre-contact Indigenous city near St. Louis, larger than London in 1000 CE.

Mississippian economy

Based on maize cultivation and advanced governance structures.

Social cohesion in fortified towns

Cahokia and similar towns fostered community solidarity and safety.

Colonial narratives

Failing to recognize advanced Indigenous societies leading to misconceptions.

Impact of colonization

Destruction of Indigenous cultures and resulting marginalization.

Contemporary struggles of Indigenous peoples

Resistance for self-governance and economic independence.

First Nations economic issues

Undermined by colonial policies and development colonialism.

Decolonizing development strategies

Focus on community-driven initiatives aligning with Indigenous values.

Successful Indigenous economic initiatives

Examples of community-driven economic projects promoting sustainability.

ActionCanada's role

Establishing Canada's post-war international order and peacekeeping innovations.

Cold War multinational organizations

NATO, OECD, and G7 emerged to counter the communist bloc.

Post-WWII organization's functions

Addressing peace, security, trade, and finance concerns.

NGO terminology evolution

Shift from NGOs to Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) reflecting broader contexts.

Historical context of humanistic service

Rooted in ancient codes and religious practices.

Competition theories on NGOs

Emerged from state and private sector failures to fulfill societal needs.

Stages of NGO development

From welfare-focused to people's movements and community-based initiatives.

Critiques on NGO impacts

Claims of paternalism and alignment with neoliberal agendas.

Historical evolution of Canadian NGOs

Significant transformations linked to domestic and international responses.

Diversity in Canadian NGO contributions

Includes humanitarian efforts and professional organizations.

Distinction between humanitarian and development assistance

Humanitarian aid is immediate, while development is systematic.

Local CSO prominence

Canadian NGOs transitioning to support local civil organizations.

Public engagement challenges in Canadian NGOs

Struggles with raising funds while combating negative stereotypes.

Funding dynamics for Canadian NGOs

Historical contexts impacting government funding and funding stability.

Emerging trends for Canadian NGOs

Calls for systemic approaches alongside humanitarian efforts.

Immigration's role in Canada's development

As of 2016, foreign-born individuals made up 21% of Canada's population.

Legislative frameworks for immigration in Canada

Established under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Multiculturalism Act.

Racialization of immigration policies

Historical discrimination against specific immigrant groups.

Canada's engagement in Afghanistan (2001-2011)

Mixed perspectives on security, development, and historical influences.

Canada's shifting military policy post-9/11

Transition from peacekeeping to a military-focused approach.

Development assistance frameworks in Canada

Evolving views on integrating gender equality into development foci.

Canada's historical contributions to multilateralism

From the League of Nations to recent calls for reinvigorated participation.

Canada's current multilateral challenges

Need for adaptation to modern issues like climate change and global tensions.

Emerging economies defined

Low to middle-income countries transitioning toward developed market status.

Key factors promoting emerging economies

Sustained economic growth and comparative advantages in labor.

Transition from ISI to EOI

Move from import substitution to strategies promoting free trade.

Role of foreign investments in emerging economies

Investments linked to rapid growth and productivity improvements.

Development indicators in emerging markets

Includes GDP growth and Human Development Index (HDI) progress.

Development

A process that improves the economic, social, and environmental conditions of a society, often focusing on reducing poverty, enhancing education, and promoting sustainable practices.

Modernization – Cultural Version

Emphasizes that traditional cultural values hinder societal progress, whereas modern social values, such as individualism and secularism, promote it.

Dependency Theory

Looks at understanding economic underdevelopment by examining the restraints on countries by global economic and political orders; describes how developing countries rely on developed countries for economic success.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 goals adopted in 2015 aiming to eliminate poverty while emphasizing sustainability, health, education, and gender equality, requiring all countries to cooperate.

White Saviourism

Refers to the belief that people of color need saving by white individuals, often seen in international development and media representation.

Economic Nationalism

Critiques international capital and local structural rigidities, suggesting national policies to counteract international capital flows and promote local growth.

Developing

Countries that are 'in progress' of attaining a certain standard or goal, indicating there is still work to be done and room for improvement.

Developed

Countries that have elaborated and reached a certain goal in economic, political, or sociological aspects.

Global South

Consists of countries that are still 'developing' in terms of economy and power.

Global North

Countries that are considered 'further developed' with more wealth and power in terms of economy.

Indigenous

A government/legal term to describe all First Nation, Métis, or Inuit peoples in Canada.

Settler

A person who invades land to set permanent roots, often resulting in the assimilation or expulsion of the native population.

Settler's Role in Canada

Historically, settlers, often white European immigrants, took over Indigenous lands to farm and assimilate Indigenous peoples.

Modernization Theory

A theory from the 1950s-60s explaining the evolution of countries to become 'developed' through five stages.

Economic Growth

An increase in both qualitative and quantitative goods and services produced.

Neoliberalism

A policy model focused on deregulation, low trade barriers, and capitalism, often criticized for prioritizing corporate interests over human rights.

SAP (Structural Adjustment Programs)

Loans given to developing countries aimed at reform to achieve economic stability and growth.

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

8 goals developed to help the globally progress over 15 years, focusing on aiding the poorest nations with support from wealthier nations.