Plant Form, Nutrition, Hormones, and Reproduction - Vocabulary Flashcards

20 vocabulary flashcards covering plant growth, nutrient uptake, transport tissues, key plant hormones, reproduction modes, and basic vertebrate brain region concepts from the notes.

Seed germination

The process by which a seed resumes growth, initiated by cellular responses and molecular interactions.

Osmosis in plant cells

Movement of water across membranes from higher to lower water potential, enabling water uptake and turgor.

Xylem

Vascular tissue composed of dead lignified cells that transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.

Phloem

Vascular tissue consisting of sieve tubes that transport sugars produced by photosynthesis.

Root hairs

Extensions of root epidermal cells that increase surface area for water and mineral absorption.

Root nodules

Nodules formed on roots that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert N2 to ammonia.

Macronutrients from air and water

Elements required in large amounts sourced from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in air and water.

Macronutrients from soil

Major minerals required in large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur.

Micronutrients from soil

Trace elements required in small amounts: boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, zinc.

Transgenic crops

Crops produced via genetic engineering to improve yield, pest resistance, or other traits.

Monocot vs dicot vascular bundles

Arrangement of vascular bundles differs between monocots and dicots, affecting leaf/stem anatomy.

Auxin

Plant hormone that promotes cell elongation, root initiation, and apical dominance.

Gibberellins (GA)

Growth-promoting hormones that stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering in some species.

Cytokinin (CK)

Hormone that promotes cell division, shoot formation, and delays senescence.

Salicylic Acid (SA)

Hormone involved in plant defense signaling and immune responses; modulates stress responses.

Ethylene

Gaseous plant hormone that regulates fruit ripening, abscission, and stress responses.

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Growth-inhibiting hormone that mediates stress responses and seed dormancy; promotes stomatal closure.

Jasmonic Acid (JA)

Hormone involved in defense against herbivores and certain growth and developmental processes.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction without fertilization; includes regeneration, budding, and parthenogenesis.

Hermaphrodites / Monoecious

Hermaphrodites produce both male and female gametes; monoecious species have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.