Week 2 Organic Chem

What is the study of carbon-based structures called?

Organic chemistry.

The four major organic macromolecules are __________, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

Carbohydrates.

What are the monomers of polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides.

A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a __________.

Nitrogen base.

True or False: Functional groups are ionically bonded to the carbon framework.

False.

The process of building biomolecules is known as __________.

Anabolism.

In biological systems, the breakdown of biomolecules is referred to as __________.

Catabolism.

A dehydration synthesis reaction __________ two monomers together.

Links.

Hydrolysis reactions typically involve the __________ of molecules.

Breaking down.

Which type of bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

Single bonds.

The primary building blocks of proteins are __________.

Amino acids.

The nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and __________.

Guanine.

What is the monomeric unit of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide.

What type of carbohydrates are composed of many linked monosaccharides?

Polysaccharides.

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Phosphate head.

Complete proteins contain all __________ essential amino acids.

Nine.

Examples of simple sugars include __________, glucose, and galactose.

Fructose.

The primary structure of a protein is determined by __________.

The sequence of amino acids.

Which macromolecules are classified as polymers?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Lipids are characterized by their __________ in water.

Insolubility.

What macromolecule is referred to as energy-yielding nutrients?

Macronutrients.

What is the typical reaction of enzymes in the body?

Catalyzing chemical reactions.

What is the term for the building of larger molecules from smaller ones in biology?

Polymerization.

What distinguishes essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?

Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fats?

Contain double bonds, usually liquid at room temperature.

In DNA, adenine pairs with __________ while cytosine pairs with guanine.

Thymine.

Carbohydrates consist mainly of __________, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbon.

Which reaction involves water to break down molecules?

Hydrolysis.

What are triglycerides primarily composed of?

Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.

DNA serves primarily as the __________ of genetic information.

Repository.

Which two amino acids are known to be exclusively ketogenic?

Leucine and lysine.

What happens during dehydration synthesis?

Water is removed to form a bond.

The process by which our bodies break down food is known as __________.

Hydrolysis.