ERQ Abnormal

Q: Aim of Temerlin (1970)?

A: To investigate how clinical judgments can be influenced by suggestion and authority labels.

Q: Method of Temerlin (1970)?

A: Participants listened to a taped interview with a normal man; one group heard a psychiatrist say the man was “psychotic,” the other did not. Then participants diagnosed him.

Q: Sample of Temerlin (1970)?

A: 25 psychiatrists, 25 psychologists, 25 psychology students.

Q: Key Findings of Temerlin (1970)?

A: 60% of clinicians in the “label” condition diagnosed the normal man as psychotic; almost none in the control group did.

Q: Conclusion of Temerlin (1970)?

A: Clinical judgments are highly vulnerable to anchoring and confirmation bias triggered by labels.

Q: Aim of Lobbestael (2011)?

A: To study inter-rater reliability of personality disorder diagnoses using structured interviews (SCID-II)

Q: Method of Lobbestael (2011)?

A: One clinician conducted SCID-II interviews; a second clinician rated diagnoses from audio recordings.

Q: Sample of Lobbestael (2011)?

A: 151 Dutch participants (mixed clinical + non-clinical sample).

Q: Key Findings of Lobbestael (2011)?

A: Moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability; highest for borderline and antisocial PD; lower for narcissistic/avoidant PD.

Q: Conclusion of Lobbestael (2011)?

A: Structured tools significantly improve consistency in diagnosis, though reliability still varies by disorder.

Q: Aim of Li-Repac (1980)?

A: To investigate how cultural background influences clinicians’ interpretations of symptoms.

Q: Method of Li-Repac (1980)?

A: Chinese-American and White-American clinicians rated videos of Chinese and White patients describing their problems.

Q: Sample of Li-Repac (1980)?

A: 10 clinicians (5 Chinese-American, 5 White-American) rating 8 patients (mixed ethnicity).

Q: Key Findings of Li-Repac (1980)?

A: Clinicians rated patients of the other culture as more maladjusted; cultural schemas affected symptom interpretation.

Q: Conclusion of Li-Repac (1980)?

A: Diagnosis is vulnerable to cultural bias; clinician background influences perception of symptoms.

Q: Aim of Rosenhan (1973)?

A: To test validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnosis in hospitals.

Q: Method of Study 1 (Rosenhan 1973)?

A: 8 pseudo-patients claimed to hear voices; after admission, behaved normally; wrote notes; tried to be released.

Q: Findings of Study 1?

A: All were admitted; diagnosed with schizophrenia except one; average stay 19 days; normal behavior reinterpreted as pathological.

Q: Method of Study 2 (Rosenhan 1973)?

A: Hospitals were warned pseudo-patients would try to get admitted; staff rated patients on likelihood of being fake.

Q: Findings of Study 2?

A: Staff labeled 41 real patients as pseudo-patients; in reality, zero pseudo-patients were sent.

Q: Conclusion of Rosenhan (1973)?

A: Psychiatric diagnosis lacks validity; once labeled, perception becomes schema-driven; environment encourages misinterpretation.

Q: Aim of Bolton (2002)?

A: To understand local perceptions of depression and develop culturally valid criteria in Rwanda.

Q: Method of Bolton (2002)?

A: Conducted ethnographic interviews, free listings, and local symptom narratives; adapted diagnostic criteria using local definitions.

Q: Sample of Bolton (2002)?

A: Rwandan adults affected by genocide; community members; local healers.

Q: Key Findings of Bolton (2002)?

A: Local communities identified culturally specific symptoms and categories that Western DSM criteria missed.

Q: Conclusion of Bolton (2002)?

A: Mental health diagnosis must integrate cultural narratives; bottom-up approaches increase validity.

Q: Aim of Parker (2001)?

A: To investigate cross-cultural differences in symptom interpretation and memory for emotional experiences.

Q: Method of Parker (2001)?

A: Compared autobiographical memory and symptom reporting between Western and East Asian participants.

Q: Sample of Parker (2001)?

A: College students from Western and East Asian cultural backgrounds.

Q: Findings of Parker (2001)?

A: Westerners remembered emotional detail more intensely; East Asians recalled contextual + social details more strongly.

Q: Conclusion of Parker (2001)?

A: Memory is shaped by cultural schemas; retrieval style depends on cultural models of emotional expression.