General Biology, Physiology, Chemistry, and Grammar Flashcards

Gallbladder

The organ that stores bile.

Pancreas

An organ that produces many digestive enzymes and produces insulin.

Large intestine

An organ whose main function is to absorb water and form/store feces.

Central nervous system (CNS)

The two parts of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Neuron

A cell that transmits nerve signals.

Sympathetic nervous system

Part of the nervous system that generally controls fight-or-flight responses.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Part of the nervous system that generally controls rest-and-digest responses.

Endocrine system

A system of glands that produces hormones.

Hormone

A chemical messenger.

Insulin

A hormone that lowers blood glucose, produced by the pancreas.

Kidneys

Organs that filter blood and help form urine.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney.

Ureters

Structures that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Bladder

An organ that stores urine.

Urethra

Structure that carries urine from the bladder to the outside.

Tendon

Structure that connects muscle to bone.

Ligament

Structure that connects bone to bone.

Bones

Structures whose main functions are to support, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals.

Homeostasis

Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions.

Negative feedback

A response that counteracts a change and helps restore balance.

Immune system

Body system whose main function is to defend the body against pathogens and other threats.

White blood cells

Cells that help fight infection and support immune responses.

Skin

An organ whose main function is protection, sensation, and temperature regulation.

Nucleus

Organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.

Mitochondria

Organelle whose main function is to produce ATP/usable cellular energy.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that make proteins.

Cell membrane

Structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

DNA

Genetic material that stores hereditary information.

RNA

A molecule involved in using genetic information to make proteins.

Mitosis

Cell division used mainly for growth and repair that produces two genetically similar cells.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces gametes with half the usual chromosome number.

Photosynthesis

The process plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

Cellular respiration

The process cells use to release energy from nutrients and produce ATP.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle.

Neutron

A subatomic particle with no charge.

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle.

Atomic number

Property determined by the number of protons in an element.

Acid

A substance with a pH below $7$ on the pH scale.

Neutral pH

A pH value equal to $7$.

Base

A substance with a pH above $7$ on the pH scale.

Physical change

A change that does not create a new substance.

Chemical change

A change that creates one or more new substances.

Solute

The substance being dissolved.

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute.

Molecule

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

Colon

Punctuation used to introduce a list, explanation, or example after a complete thought (e.g., I need three things: milk, bread, and fruit).

Semicolon

Punctuation used to connect two closely related independent clauses (e.g., I studied all night; I was exhausted).

FANBOYS

Acronym for coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

Comma + FANBOYS

Punctuation used when joining two complete independent clauses (e.g., I studied, but I was tired).

Apostrophe

Punctuation mark used for possession or contractions.

It's

Contraction meaning 'It is'.

Its

Possessive pronoun meaning 'Belonging to it'.

You're

Contraction meaning 'You are'.

Your

Possessive word meaning 'Belonging to you'.

They're

Contraction meaning 'They are'.

Their

Possessive word meaning 'Belonging to them'.

There

Word referring to a place or existence.

Possession for one person/thing

Shown by adding apostrophe + s (e.g., the student's book).

Possession for a plural ending in s

Shown by adding an apostrophe after the s (e.g., the students' books).

Comma

Punctuation mark commonly used for lists, introductory elements, and certain compound sentences (e.g., I bought apples, bananas, and oranges).