AP-Chem Thou Shalt Not Forget Unit 2

Covalent bonds

Formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal and the opposite charges attract.

Ionic bonds

Formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal and the opposite charges attract

The greater the electronegativity difference between two atoms…

the stronger the attraction between atoms in a bond. (more polar)

Empirical formula

Simplest whole number ratio of the moles (or atoms) in the compound

Emperical formula rhyme

percent to mass, mass to mole, divide by small, times until whole

Molecular formula

Whole number multiple of the empirical formula ratio

Bond angles- 2 domains

180

Hybrid orbitals- 4 domains

sp³

Hybrid orbitals- 3 domains

sp²

Hybrid orbitals- 2 domains

Asymetrical molecules=…=…

dip

Symmetrical molecules=________=__________

dipoles cancel, non polar molecule

Single bond

Sigma

Double bond

Sigma+pi bond

Triple bond

Sigma + 2 pi bonds

Lattice energy

The energy to break an ionic bond in a compound. Increases as the ions charge increases, decreases as the radii of the ions increase (deduced from Coulomb’s law)

Formal charge

Involves comparing the number of valence electrons an atom has to the number of electrons around it in the lewis structure (bonded electrons are given evenly to the two bonded atoms)

Use the … first when drawing lewis dot structres then use … if necessary

Octet rule, formal charge (Extra electrons can go on the larger central atom, and if you have too few electrons, start making some double or triple bonds.)