Chapter 29 History Chapter Notes

The Triple Alliance aka the Central Powers grew out of the

close relationship that developed between the leaders of Germany and Austria-Hungary

The Dual Alliance

a defensive pact formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary that ensured reciprocal protection from a Russian attack and neutrality in case of an attack from any other power

The Dual Alliance was transformed into the Triple Alliance when

Italy joined for fear of France

The Triple Entente

a combination of nations commonly referred to as the Allies (Russia, France, and Britain)

German war plans played a crucial role in

the events leading to the Great War

Germany’s fear of encirclement by France and Russia encouraged

its military planners to devise a strategy that would avoid a war on two fronts

The Schlieffen Plan was developed by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen and called for

a swift knockout of France, followed by defensive action against Russia

Even in democratic societies, governments assumed dictatorial control to

marshal the human and material resources required for continuous war

Imperial ties drew millions of Asians, Africans, and residents of the British dominions into the war to serve as

soldiers and laborers

The shots fired from this man set in motion a flurry of diplomatic activity that escalated into war

Gavrilo Princip

On July 23 The Austrians issued an ultimatum to the

government of Serbia

When the Serbian government rejected one of the terms,

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

The sequence of events that largely determined by two factors

complex mobilization plans and the grinding logic of the alliance system

Military planners were convinced that the timing of these two things were crucial to the successful conduct of war

mobilization orders and adherence to precise timetables

Nicholas II mobilized troops to defend Serbia from Austria after his military experts had convinced him that

a partial mobilization might invite defeat should the Germans enter the war on the side of Austria

The German government declared war on

Russia and France

When Belgium was invaded, the British government demanded that Belgian neutrality be respected; When Germany refused,

the British immediately declared war

In 1917, Italy left the Triple Alliance to enter the war on the side of the

allies

After Italy was defeated at Caporetto, Italian forces maintained

a defensive line only with the help of the French and British

No man’s land

the deadly territory between opposing trenches

Weapons used to break the stalemate and reintroduce movement into the war

Gas, mustard gas, tanks, and airplanes

No Man’s land was strewn with

shell craters, cadavers, and body parts

In 1916, the Germans tried to break the deadlock with a huge assault on

the fortress of Verdun

To relieve the pressure of Verdun, British forces

counterattacked at the Somme and gained a few thousand yards

A combination of Austrian and German forces overran

Serbia, Albania, and Romania

Combined German-Austrian forces drove the Russian armies out of

East Prussia and out of Poland and established a defensive line that extended from the Baltic to the Ukraine

Russian defeats undermined the popularity of the tsar and his government and play a significant role in

rostering revolutionary ferment within Russian society

Rules of Engagement made civilians

targets of warfare from air attacks and naval blockades

Home Front

the important reality that the outcome of the war hinged on how effectively each nation mobilized its economy and activated its noncombatant citizens to support the war effort

The response of war weariness and a decline in economic capability the response of belligerents was to

limit individual freedoms and give control of society increasingly to military leaders

Each belligerent government eventually militarized civilian war production by

subordinating private enterprises to governmental control and imposing severe discipline on the labor process

The war created unprecedent demands for raw materials and

manufactured goods

Planning Boards

reorganized entire industries, set production quotas and priorities, and determined what would be produced and consumed

Because bloody battlefields caused an insatiable appetite for soldiers, nations responded by

extending military service by the age gap

This drew women into many formerly male jobs in a wide variety of industries and public sectors

a combination of patriotism and high wages

The most crucial work performed by women during the war was

the making of shells

Once the war was over, many women workers

found themselves forced to concede their jobs to men

The Extension of voting rights to women shortly after the war was in part due to the

role women assumed during the Great War

To maintain the spirit of the home front and to counter threats to national unity,

governments resorted to the restriction of civil liberties, censorship of bad news, and vilification of the enemy through propaganda campaigns

People who criticized their nation’s war effort were

prosecuted as traitors

The propaganda offices of the belligerent nations tried to convince the public that

military defeat would mean the destruction of everything worth living for

Public disbelief of wartime propaganda led to an

inability to believe in the abominations perpetrated in later wars

The 3 reasons for the war’s expansion

1 European governments carried their animosities into their colonies, embroiling them in their war. 2 Europe’s human reserves weren’t enough to satisfy the appetite of war. 3 The entrance of Japan, the U.S., and the Ottoman empire into the war

In 1914, the Japanese government sent an ultimatum to Germany that demanded

the handover of the German-leased territory of Jiaozhou to Japanese authorities and to withdraw its warships from Japanese and Chinese waters

When Germany refused to comply with the Japanese,

the Japanese entered the war on the side of the allies

In January 1915, the Japanese presented the Chinese government with

21 secret demands

Chinese diplomats leaked the note to

British authorities

The 21 Demands

reflected Japan’s determination to dominate east Asia and served as the basis for future Japanese pressure on China

The Ottomans worked to turn the millions of Muslim subjects in

British, French, and Russian territories against their rulers declaring a jihad on the Allied Powers

Winston Churchill proposed a plan to

break the bloody stalemate on the western front by striking against Ottoman territory

The British navy conducted an expedition to seize the approach to the Dardanelles Strait in an attempt to

open a warm water supply line to Russia through the Ottoman controlled strait

The war provided for a campaign of extermination against the Ottoman empire’s Armenians which caused friction between

Christian Armenians and Muslim Ottoman authorities

The new Turkish nationalism stressed Turkish culture and traditions and regarded these minorities as obstacles to Turkism

Christian minorities

The government unleashed a murderous campaign against the Armenians which included

mass evacuations followed by starvation, dehydration, and exposure

Government organized massacres claimed victims through

mass drowning, incineration, or assaults with blunt instruments

Rose up against Turkish rule, supported by the British

The nomadic Bedouin of Arabia, Hussein Bin Ali sharif of Mecca and king of the Hejaz

The motivation for the Arab revolt centered on

securing independence from the Ottoman empire and creating a unified Arab nation spanning lands from Syria to Yemen

When the war erupted in Europe, all of sub-Saharan Africa (except Ethiopia and Liberia) consisted of European colonies, with the Germans controlling four

Togoland, the Cameroons, German Southwest Africa, and German East Africa

The war amplified existing stresses to such an extent that the

Romanov dynasty was forced to abdicate in favor of a provisional government

The provisional government yielded power to Bolshevik revolutionaries who took

Russia out of the war early in 1918

The entrance of the United States into the conflict in 1917,

turned the tide of war in 1918

The resources of the United States compelled the

Central Powers to sue for peace in November 1918

The victorious Allies gathered in Paris to

hammer out a peace settlement that turned out to be a compromise that pleased few of the parties involved

The war of 1914-1918

undermined Europe’s power and simultaneously promoted nationalist aspirations among colonized peoples

Disintegrating armies, mutinies, and food shortages provoked

a series of street demonstrations and strikes in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

The inability of police forces to suppress the uprisings and the mutiny of troops garrisoned in the captial persuaded

Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne

The February Revolution caused

the political power to shift into two new agencies; the provisional government and the Petrograd soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies

Soviets

revolutionary councils organized by socialists

Soviets wielded

considerable power through their control of factories and segments of the military

The new government enjoyed support with eliminating the repressive institutions of the tsarist state, but it failed to

satisfy popular demands for an end to war and for land reform

The government promised to

continue the war and bring it to a victorious conclusion

The Petrograd soviet called for

immediate peace

Vladimir llyich Lenin was a

revolutionary Marxist and the leader of the radical Bolshevik socialist party

Lenin called for the legal authority to the soviets and

advocated uncompromising opposition to the war

Crucial to the Bolsheviks obtaining control was the provisional government’s

insistence on continuing the war, its inability to feed the population, and its refusal to undertake land reform

Lenin persuaded the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party to

organize an armed insurrection and seize power in the name of the All-Russian National Congress of Soviets

Winter Palace

the home of the provisional government

After the Winter Palace was stormed by workers, soldiers, and sailors

power passed from the provisional government into the hands of Lenin and the Bolshevik party

The Bolshevik rulers ended Russia’s involvement in the Great War by

signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave the Germans

possession or control of 1/3 of Russia’s territory (The Baltic States, the Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and Ukraine) and one-quarter of its population

The official factor in the United States’ decision to enter the war was

Germany’s resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare to the British blockade and other ships of Great Britain and all the ships headed to Britain

The Central Powers suffered from food shortages as a result of

the British blockade

The Ottomans were the first to surrender, then

Austria-Hungary, and finally the Germans

The Representatives for the postwar settlement included

Georges Clemenceau, Davidd Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson (France, Britain, and U.S.)

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points for a postwar peace settlement

Agreements(Open Covenants) of peace, absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas in peace and war, the removal of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations, adequate guarantees for a reduction in national armaments, adjustments of colonial disputes to give equal weight to the interests of the controlling government and the colonial population, and a call for a general association of nations

The victors of the war demanded

Germany to accept sole responsibility and guilt for causing the war, prohibited Germany and Austria from entering into any sort of political union, and that the defeated Central Powers must pay for the cost of the war and required payment of reparations either in money or in kind

The Paris Peace Conference resulted in additional treaties with

Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

The Austro-Hungarian empire was

destroyed

In the Treaty of Sevres, the

Ottoman empire was dissolved, and it called for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces, and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers

The terms of the Treaty of Sevres was defied by

Mustafa Kemal and Turkish nationalists

Kemal organized a national army that drove out

Allied occupation forces, abolished the sultanate, and replaced it with the Republic of Turkey

The Allied Powers officially recognized the Republic of Turkey in a final pace agreement called the

Treaty of Lausanne

At the urging of president Woodrow Wilson, the Covenant of the League of Nations was made

an integral part of the peace treaties, and every signatory to a peace treaty had to accept this new world organization

Article 22 for the Covenant of the League of Nations referred to the colonies and territories of the former Central Powers as

areas inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world

As a result of Article 22,

the administration of the mandates fell to the victorious powers of the Great War

The establishment of mandates in the former territories of the Ottoman empire violated

promises made to Arabs by French and British leaders during the war

The French and British leaders had promised

Jewish nationalists in Europe a homeland in Palestine

The Arabs had hoped to form independent states, the French and British,

established mandates

The Great War did irreparable damage to

European power and prestige and set the stage for a process of decolonization that gather momentum during and after the Second World War

The decline in European power was closely related to

diminished economic stature