Chapter 10: The United Mexican States

Ernesto Zedillo

The 1994 election was Mexico's most free and fair, but ________, the PRI candidate, won, likely because voters chose stability over the fear of what might happen if Mexico were governed by a party other than the PRI.

YO SOY

________ 132: Many Mexicans believed Televisa, the largest media company in Mexico, heavily biased its coverage in favor of PRI candidate Enrique Peña Nieto in the 2012 election.

Mexico

________ is a democratic federal state, and its people elect officials at many different levels and different branches at each level.

NAFTA

________ created new jobs for multinational firms in the north and border area but had little impact on growth or employment in central or southern Mexico, contributing to rising inequality in the 1990s.

Hernan Cortes

In 1519, ________, the first Spanish conquistador in Mexico, conquered Tenochtitlan and ruled the Aztecs.

Globalization

________ and free trade are Mexico's development strategy.

NATIONALIZATION

________: Foreign businesses that had been in operation in Mexico since Diaz were forced to leave the country, and their property was expropriated.

International firms

________ set up maquiladoras in northern Mexico to take advantage of low- wage Mexican labor and export tariff- free to the US market.

Industrialization

________ and modernization in Mexico have made cities the best places to find jobs.

Spain

Mexico's independence from ________ began in 1810, but it wasn't fully restored until 1821.

PRD

2006 ELECTION: The 2006 election was the closest in Mexicos history, with PAN candidate Felipe Calderón defeating ________ candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador by only about 250, 000 votes (just over 0.5 percent of the total)

1982

Mexico's economy has been neoliberal since the ________ fiscal crisis that required IMF intervention.

Diaz

ECONOMIC GROWTH: ________ centralized control over all decision making in the Mexican economy, and invited foreign investment to develop Mexican industry, particularly mining.

2000

The PRI ruled most states after losing the presidency in ________.

political party

The longest- ruling ________ in history, it ruled Mexico from 1929 to 2000.

ceremonial head of state

Mexico's president is the ________ and government and serves a six- year term.

Mestizos

________ dominate Mexico's wealth and politics and live everywhere.

Iguala

In 2014, 43 students were kidnapped and burned in ________.

Mestizo policymakers

________ neglect and isolate Amerindians, who are poorer than other groups.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

General ________, who served as president ten times, usually left office after a few months to fight.

deserts

Mexico has mountain ranges, ________, beautiful coastal beaches, fertile valleys, high plateaus, and rain forests.

IMF

The ________ gave Mexico loans to avoid default in exchange for a structural adjustment program.

Mexicans

It is a coalition of leftists and evangelical right ________ that ran for the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 2015 and won 47 out of 500 seats.

Andrés Manuel López Obrador

In 2006, ________ almost won the presidency and called on PRD supporters to protest in Mexico City.

patron client network

The ________ corrupted and incompetent bureaucracy.

Mexican politics

The military ruled ________ in the 19th and 20th centuries.

National Action Party

The ________ (PAN), founded in 1939 by disgruntled businessmen, opposed Cárdenas 'massive state intervention in economic matters.

Vicente Fox

In 2000, ________ of the National Action Party (PAN) defeated the PRI after seventy- one years of rule.

Gini coefficient

With a(n) ________ of.43, Mexico has one of the highest economic divides in the world for a large population.

Congress

________ or the president enacts detailed legal codes to answer most legal questions.

Tlateloco Plaza

On October 2, 1968, over 10, 000 students gathered in ________ to listen to speeches in a peaceful protest.

PAN

From 2000 to 2009, ________ held a plurality of seats before the PRI took over.

1821

The first established Mexico as a newly independent country from Spain in ________, and the second removed a military dictator in 1911, beginning Mexicos transition to constitutional republicanism.

Mexicos democratic transition

________ has involved the creation of a few new institutions, but has mainly occurred by reforming existing institutions dating back to the Constitution of 1917.

PATRON CLIENTELISM

________: The regional divides of Mexican politics were brought together among top elites through a favor- trading system of quid pro quo, which benefited everyone at the top mutually.

INEQUALITY

________: Massive economic growth came at a high cost.

Supreme Court of Justice

The ________ is Mexico's highest court, with eleven judges appointed by the president to fifteen- year terms with Senate approval.

Supreme Court justices

________ appoint lower- court judges.

neoliberal economic model

The PRI adopted a(n) ________ of private entrepreneurship, limited government, privatization of nationalized industries, and free trade after the technicos took power.

common law

Unlike in ________, judicial precedent does not influence law interpretation.

SPANISH LANGUAGE

________: Mexicans are united by near universal use of the ________.

Institutional Revolutionary Party

Authoritarianism did not end in 1911, however, as a single political party, the ________ (PRI), came to control every aspect of the political process for most of the twentieth century.

Father Miguel Hidalgo

________, a Spanish priest, organized 90, 000 poor indigenous farmers to fight the Spanish army for the right to grow crops prohibited by law to protect Spanish imports.

massive influence

The Constitution gave presidents broad powers and ________ over PRI party affairs.

1910 1911

STABILITY: The fighting among camarillas came to a close, and there was not another internal revolution until ________.

Spanish colonization

CATHOLICISM: ________ built society in Mexico with the Catholic mission as the center of daily life and political organization.

LABOR REFORM

________: Cárdenass administration encouraged the formation of peasant and workers unions, and strictly enforced Article 123 of the Constitution that guaranteed an eight- hour work day and other rights of workers.

Lazaro Cárdenas' 1934 1940 presidency

________ was the PRI's most eventful.

NAFTA

________ initially brought high- wage jobs to the north, especially to maquiladora districts where factories can import raw materials duty- free and export anywhere in the world without Mexican state restrictions.

Mexico

________ was federal under the PRI, but state governments were puppet governments under the president's patron- client system.

AUTHORITARIANISM

While seemingly contradictory to populism, Mexico has a long tradition of authoritarianism running from Spanish colonial rule, through the military rulers of the nineteenth century, and up to the PRI bosses of the twentieth century

CATHOLICISM

Spanish colonization built society in Mexico with the Catholic mission as the center of daily life and political organization

PATRON-CLIENTELISM

The regional divides of Mexican politics were brought together among top elites through a favor-trading system of quid pro quo, which benefited everyone at the top mutually

SPANISH LANGUAGE

Mexicans are united by near universal use of the Spanish language

STABILITY

The fighting among camarillas came to a close, and there was not another internal revolution until 1910-1911

ECONOMIC GROWTH

Diaz centralized control over all decision making in the Mexican economy, and invited foreign investment to develop Mexican industry, particularly mining

INEQUALITY

Massive economic growth came at a high cost

LAND REFORM

Cárdenas used new powers of the state in the constitution to acquire large commercial tracts of land (called haciendas) previously controlled by private landowners, and converted them into agricultural collectives (called ejidos) in which the peasants would cease paying rents to the landowners, and would have rights to keep the proceeds of selling the crops, provided they did not fail to use the land for more than two years

LABOR REFORM

Cárdenass administration encouraged the formation of peasant and workers unions, and strictly enforced Article 123 of the Constitution that guaranteed an eight-hour work day and other rights of workers

NATIONALIZATION

Foreign businesses that had been in operation in Mexico since Diaz were forced to leave the country, and their property was expropriated

TLATELOCO PLAZA

Just before Mexicos hosting of the 1968 Summer Olympics, farmers and workers unions frustrated with the governments lack of attention to their plight organized a number of highly visible rallies

2006 ELECTION

The 2006 election was the closest in Mexicos history, with PAN candidate Felipe Calderón defeating PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador by only about 250,000 votes (just over 0.5 percent of the total)

YO SOY 132

Many Mexicans believed Televisa, the largest media company in Mexico, heavily biased its coverage in favor of PRI candidate Enrique Peña Nieto in the 2012 election