BIOL 355 Muscle and Bone Terminology Learning Objectives

meatus, foramen, canal, fissure

holes in bone (usually passageways for nerves or blood vessels)

fossa

a depression or basin in a bone

process, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle

projections on bone, usually sites of muscle attachment

spine, line, crest

ridges on a bone

condyle

rounded articular surface

flexion / extension / hyperextension

decrease the angle of a join / increase angle / extend past 180°

abduction / adduction

move away from the midline / towards the midline

circumduction / rotation

make circles / pivot on an axis

pronation / supinataion

move forearm so pals are posterior / move to palms are anterior

elevation / depression

move superiorly / move inferiorily

protraction / retraction

move anteriorly / move posteriorly

plantar flexion / dorsiflextion

point foot inferiorly / move foot toward shin

inversion / elevation

turn sole of foot inward / turn sole of foot outward

Prime mover

the primary muscle responsible for producing a specific joint movement or action - generates the most force during the movement

ex: biceps brachii acts as prime mover during an elbow curl

Antagonist

muscles that oppose or reverse the movement of the prime move

ex: for elbow flexion, the triceps brachii is the antagonist

Synergists

muscles that help the prime mover function more efficiently or stabilize the origin point

ex: brachialis assists the biceps during elbow flexion