L7-Infancy Pt. 2

Secure Attachment

Infant uses parent as a secure base to explore the environment; shows positive interactions upon parent's return.

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

Infant shows insecurity by avoiding the parent; does not re-establish contact or acknowledges the parent upon return.

Insecure Resistant Attachment

Infant clings to the parent but resists closeness by pushing away; shows distress upon separation and anger upon reunion.

Insecure Disorganized

Shows insecurity by being disorganized & disoriented. Can’t cope with situation.

What is the best attachment style

Secure Attachment Style

What is the worst attachment style

Insecure Disorganized Attachment Style

Long-term effects of Secure Attachment

Linked to positive outcomes such as increased empathy, resilience, and long-term relationship stability.

Long-Term effects of Insecure Attachment

Associated with negative outcomes, including emotional problems and behavioral issues.

Primary Emotions

Emotions expressed in the first 6 months of life (e.g., joy, fear).

Self-Conscious Emotions

Emotions expressed after 1 year of age (e.g., jealousy, pride), indicating the emergence of self-awareness.

Colic

When a healthy baby cries for more than 3 hours a day, more than 3 days a week, for more than 3 weeks, with no obvious reason.

Reflexive Smile

A smile that occurs without external stimuli, typically in the first month of life.

Social Smile

A smile that occurs in response to external stimuli, typically from 2 months and onwards.

Stranger Anxiety

Fear of strangers that appears around 6 months of age.

Attachment Bond

A reciprocal emotional bond between infant and caregiver.

Contact Comfort

The comfort received from physical contact with a caregiver.

Secure Attachment

An attachment style where the infant uses the parent as a secure base for exploration.

Insecure Attachment Patterns

Forms of insecure attachment, including avoidant, resistant, and disorganized styles.

Shared Reading

An interactive reading experience where parents or caregivers read with children, enhancing language skills through engagement.

Infant-Directed Speech

A speech style used by caregivers when talking to infants, characterized by a higher pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation.

Socioeconomic Status (SES) Impact

Research shows that children from low SES households hear significantly fewer words per hour compared to those from high SES households, affecting language development.

Hart & Risley Study (1995)

A study that found dramatic differences in language exposure at home based on SES, influencing children's vocabulary growth.

Importance of Caregiver Interaction

Regular interactions with caregivers, such as games and conversations, are crucial for developing language skills in infants.

Low SES household children

hear 620 words per hour

High SES household children

hear 1860 words per hour

Crying

Different cries signal various needs from birth on.

Cooing

Gurgling sounds that express pleasure, typically occurring between 2-4 months.

Babbling

Combinations of consonants and vowels that occur around 6 months.

Gestures

Actions like showing, pointing, and waving that develop around 8-12 months.

Baby Signing

An approach to teaching infants keyword signing before they are able to speak.

Potential Benefits of Baby Signing

Includes earlier communication of needs, advanced speech and cognitive development, reduced frustration and emotional outbursts, and strengthened parent-child bonds.

Current View on Baby Signing

Mixed results on whether baby signing benefits language development, according to research by Kirk et al. (2013).

Importance of Attention

Focused mental resources on specific information.

Joint Attention

Parent and child focusing on the same object/event.

Sustained Attention

Duration the infant looks at an object/event.

Nouns

Typically the easiest words for infants to learn, such as 'dog' and 'cat'.

Vocabulary Spurt

A rapid increase in vocabulary that occurs around 18 months of age.

Milestone - 12 months

At this age, infants typically say their first word.

Milestone - 18 months

By this age, infants produce about 50 words.

Milestone - 2 years

At this age, infants can produce around 200 words.

Two-Word Utterances

Speech formed by combining two words, often reflecting a basic understanding of language.

Age Range for Two-Word Utterances

18-24 months

Telegraphic Speech

Two-word utterances that convey meaning, often relying on gestures and context.