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Fluid Dynamics
The study of how fluids move and interact within the body.
Body Potassium and Sodium Imbalances
Conditions where there are abnormal levels of potassium and sodium in the body.
Total Body Water (TBW)
The total amount of water present in the human body.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Fluid found inside the body's cells.
Interstitial Fluid (IF)
Fluid found between the cells in the body.
Plasma Volume (PV)
The liquid component of blood.
Electrolytes
Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water, essential for various bodily functions.
Edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues.
Dehydration
A condition where the body loses more fluids than it takes in.
Crystalloids
Solutions containing water, electrolytes, and small molecules used for fluid replacement.
Colloids
Solutions that increase colloid osmotic pressure and move fluid from interstitial to plasma compartments.
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure needed to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration.
Hypertonic Saline
A solution with a higher concentration of salt than normal saline.
Lactated Ringer's
A solution containing electrolytes and lactate, used for fluid resuscitation.
D5W
Dextrose 5% in water, a solution used for intravenous therapy.
Indications for Crystalloids
Various medical conditions where crystalloid solutions are used for treatment.
Adverse Effects of Crystalloids
Negative consequences that can result from the use of crystalloid solutions.
Capillary Microcirculation
The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels in the body.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP)
The pressure exerted by colloids in a solution that tends to pull water into the colloid solution.
Plasma Volume Expansion
Increasing the volume of plasma in the blood.
Dextran and Hetastarch
Types of colloids used for plasma volume expansion.
Indications for Colloids
Medical conditions where colloid solutions are preferred for treatment.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
A database of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in healthcare.
Randomized Controlled Trials
Studies where participants are randomly assigned to different groups to compare treatments.
Superiority of Colloids
The potential benefits of using colloids over crystalloids for certain medical conditions.
Colloids
Solutions that are usually safe but may have adverse effects, especially in renal failure, such as altered coagulation, bleeding, and lack of oxygen-carrying capacity.
Blood Products
Components like whole blood, RBC products, clotting factors from plasma, and platelets used for transfusions to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and treat conditions like anemia and coagulation disorders.
Crystalloids
Fluids with advantages like few side effects, low cost, and wide availability, but disadvantages such as short duration of action and potential to cause edema.
Isotonic Crystalloids
Fluids like 0.9% normal saline and lactated Ringer's that do not cause fluid shift but may lead to fluid overload and electrolyte imbalances.
Hypertonic Crystalloids
Fluids like D5 0.45% NS and D50.9% NS that shift fluid back into circulation, potentially causing fluid overload and electrolyte imbalances.
Colloid Action/Use
Substances like albumin, dextran, hetastarch, and mannitol used to maintain volume, shift fluid into vessels, and treat conditions like shock and cerebral edema.
Electrolytes
Essential ions like sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus crucial for various bodily functions including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and acid-base balance.
Potassium
An electrolyte responsible for skeletal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, heartbeat regulation, and other vital functions, with normal levels critical for body function.
Hypokalemia
Condition characterized by low potassium levels, often caused by excessive loss rather than poor dietary intake, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, and irregular pulse.
Hyperkalemia
Condition marked by high serum potassium levels, potentially caused by factors like excessive intake, renal failure, or certain medications, and can lead to cardiac rhythm irregularities and muscle weakness.
Parenteral Infusions
Administration of substances directly into the body through routes other than the digestive tract.
Potassium
An essential mineral that plays a key role in various bodily functions, such as muscle contractions and nerve impulses.
Oral Forms
Medications or substances that are taken by mouth.
GI Distress
Gastrointestinal discomfort or problems.
Plasma Sodium
The concentration of sodium in the liquid component of blood.
Electrolytes
Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water and are essential for various bodily functions.
