Professional Practices Quiz #2

How is intellectual property protected

• patents

• copyrights

• trade secrets

• trademarks

How much traffic is copyright-infringing material

1/4

History

• 1790 first copyright law passed

• 1909 unauthorized copy is something that can be seen or read

• 1976-1980 include software and databases in authorship

• 1982 high volume copying is illegal

• 1992 copies for commercial advantage are illegal

Fair use

legal doctrine promoting freedom of expression by permitting unlicensed used of copyright-protected works in certain occasions

limited used of copyrighted material without permission from copyright owner

Intellectual SIMILAR to physical

• ownership

• transferability

• protection (both)

• value

Intellectual DIFFERENT than physical

• tangibility

• own rights

• duration of rights

Sony v Universal City Studios

making copies of tv shows are not copyright infringement, it is fair use

Reverse engineering

reverse engineering does not violate copyright if new work is unique to og work

Look and feel

court decisions do not use copyright protection for look and feel

DeCSS

software program that bypasses Content Scrambling System, get to access copyrighted material

Creative Commons

enables an author to explicitly specify permissions

Commercial software, aka proprietary software

sold in object code, code run by computer, not legible to people

Free software advantages

• more people can use and benefit

• a lot of programmers can quickly fix issues

• programs can be adapted and improved by other users/programmers

Copyleft

developer copyrights program, lets other developers use the program ONLY if they apply the same agreement to the new work. CANNOT add restrictions

Patent trolls

companies creating lots of patents but do not make any products, they sell patents to other companies

Induced infringement

a person encourages another person to directly infringe on a patent

How long do copyrights last

• lifetime of author + 75 years

• movie: 95 years

How long do patents last

• before 2015: 14 years

• after 2015: 15 years

How long do patent plants lasat

20 years

Hacking

intentional unauthorized access to computer systems

White hat hacker

hacker to expose vulnerabilities and improve security

Black hat hacker

hacker to induce harm on person/organization

Gray hat hacker

hacker uses skills to find vulnerabilities, publishes findings before telling owner

Responsibility to prevent access

publishers must PREVENT material from being accessed in countries where they are illegal

Authority to prevent entry

government A will act on their rules in terms of illegal material, but cannot enforce people to not use material in government B if it’s legal there

Why do companies work in teams?

• greater intellect

• broader experience

• diverse education

• different successes & failures

Questions to ask w.r.t. working in teams

• who should be in team

• what should skill mix be

• what should skill level be

• team training?

• should everyone stay

• how to facilitate

• what’s the right size?

Fundamental teamworking skills

• participate ethically, dignity & respect

• communicate

• collaborate

• negotiate

• problem solve

Listening vs. Talking

listen > talk

Verification and Validation

procedures to check if system meets requirements/specifications

Validation

assurance system meets needs of customer

Verification

evaluation of whether system complies with specifications

Reliability

metric measuring degree to which system is validated