BLOOD

Blood

a liquid connective tissue

Suspended in the watery plasma are seven types of cells and cell fragments.

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

5 kinds of white blood cells

transport oxygen, food molecules, ions, waste, hormones through the body

Defense against foreign agents

Functions of blood

Bone marrow

produces blood cells

Multipotent stem cell

a single type of cell

Interleukin-7

• the major cytokine in stimulating bone marrow stem cells to produce lymphocytes

Erythropoietin

• produced by the kidneys

• enhances the production of red blood cells (RBCs).

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

• assisted by Interleukin-11 (IL-11)

• stimulates the production of megakaryocytes

• fragmentation produces platelets.

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF),

• sends cells down the path leading to both those cell types

Erythrocytes

The most numerous type in the blood.

Responsible for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Women an average about 4.8 million of these cells per cubic millimeter of blood.

• Men average about 5.4 x 106 per ul.

Hemoglobin

produced by red blood cells, 90% of the cell weight

120 days

terminally differentiated, programmed cell death of RBCS

Anemia

• is a shortage of RBCS

• the amount of hemoglobin in them.

Iron deficiency

Most common cause of anemia

Leukocytes

are much less numerous than red (the ratio)

between the two is around 1:700),

• have nuclei

participate in protecting the body from infectior

lymphocytes and monocytes

wbcs consisted of ___ in clear cytoplasm

B lymphocytes

• These are responsible for making antibodies.

T lymphocytes

different kinds of lymphocytes based on different functions

There are several subsets of these: inflammatory, cytotoxic, helper

Helper T cells

that enhance the production of antibodies by
B cells

Inflammatory T cells

that recruit macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection or other tissue damage

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

that kill virus-infected and, perhaps, tumor cells

Large Granular lymphocytes

What is this

Lymphocyte

What is C

Monocyte

What is A

Basophil

What is B

Eosinophil

What is E

Monocytes

leave the blood and become macrophages.

Horse shoe

Shape of monocytes

Macrophages

large, phagocytic cells that engulf

foreign material (antigens) that enter the body

dead and dying cells of the body.

Neutrophil

What is A

Eosinophil

what is B

Basophil

what is C

Lymphocyte

what is D

Monocyte

What is E

Neutrophils

The most abundant of the WBCs.

kill the invaders (e.g., bacteria) and then engulf the remnants by phagocytosis.

Eosinophils

• The number in the blood is normally quite low (0-450/ul).

• Their numbers increase sharply in certain diseases, especially infections by parasitic worms.

• They are cytotoxic, releasing the contents of their granules on the invader.

Basophils

The number also increases during infection.

• They leave the blood and accumulate at the site of infection or other inflammation.

discharge the contents of their granules, releasing a variety of mediators

histamine

serotonin

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

released mediators of basophils

Platelets

cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes.

Normal values in blood: 150,000-350,000 per microliter (ul) or cubic millimeter (mm3).



below 50,000 ul

1. danger of uncontrolled bleeding because of the essential role that platelets have in blood clotting.

2. Some causes: certain drugs and herbal remedies;
   autoimmunity