A+P Test 5 LO13-16

Where is the heart located?

mediastinum

Why is CPR possible?

due to location

Is the heart a hollow organ?

yes

What are the two upper chambers called?

atria- receiving chambers

How does blood from the body return to the atria?

veins

What's the difference between atria and ventricles?

atria - smaller and thinner walls

What are the two lower chambers called?

ventricles - discharging chambers

How does the blood leave the heart?

arteries

What kind of cardiac muscle tissue is each heart chamber composed of?

myocardium

What's the endocardium?

thin very smooth lining each chamber

What's endocarditis?

inflammation of the endocardium

What's the pericardium?

Protective sac surrounding the heart.

inner layer of pericardium

visceral pericardium - firmly attached to heart

outer layer of the pericardium

parietal pericardium - loose sac

What's pericarditis?

painful inflammation of the pericardium

What's contraction of the heart called?

systole

what's relaxation of the heart called?

diastole

What controls the direction of blood?

valves

What type of valves separate atria from ventricles?

atrioventricular (AV)

What type of valve separates ventricles from arteries?

semilunar (SL)

What are the three AV valves?

tricuspid, bicuspid, and chordae tendinar

Whats the Chordae Tendinae?

attach AV valves to the walls of heart

What are the two SL valves?

pulmonary and aortic

Where's the pulmonary SL valve?

between pulmonary artery and right ventricle

Where's the aortic SL valve?

aorta and left ventricle

What's the lub sound made from?

vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves

What's the dup sound made from?

closure of SL valves

What's the pulmonary circulation?

movement of blood from right ventricle to lungs

What's the systemic circulation?

movement of blood from left ventricle to body

What's a myocardial infarction?

a heart attack, generally caused by a blockage of coronary arteries

What's angina pectoris?

severe chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to heart muscle

What's coronary bypass surgery?

veins from other parts of body are used to bypass blockages in coronary arteries

How long is a cardiac cycle?

0.8 seconds / 72bpm

What's stroke volume?

amount of blood ejected in one beat

What's cardiac output?

amount of blood pumped in one minute

average cardiac output

5L/min

4 specialized structures in conduction system

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

What's the SA (sinoatrial) node?

pacemaker - right atrium - impulse starts here

What's the AV (atrioventricular) node?

right atrium - near inter-atrial septum

What's the AV bundle (bundle of his)?

located in septum of ventricle

Where are the purkinje fibers located?

walls of ventricles

What are the 3 normal waves of ECG?

P, QRS, T waves

What's the P wave?

atrial depolarization

What's the QRS wave?

ventricular depolarization

What's the T wave?

ventricular repolarization

How many layers do arteries and veins have?

3

How many layers do capillaries have?

one

What's the tunica intima?

inner layer - single layer of squamous epithelial cells

What's the tunica media?

middle layer, smooth muscle with a thin layer of elastic fibrous tissue, thicker in arteries than veins

What's the tunica adventitia? (externa)

outermost layer, thin layer of elastic connective tissue, allows walls to withstand pressure

What's the one layer of capillaries?

tunica intima

What's the function of arteries?

carry blood away from the heart, distribute nutrients, gases

Function of veins?

collect blood from capillaries to return to heart, low pressure vessels, can expand

functions of capillaries

exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones

What are the respiratory organs?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions of respiratory system?

gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction, protection

What's the upper respiratory tracts?

organs located outside of chest cavity/thorax: nose, pharynx, larynx --> think head cold

What's the lower respiratory tract?

trachea, bronchi, lungs --> think chest cold

How much mucous is made a day?

125ml

Function of nose in respiratory system?

warms and moistens inhaled air as it flows over conchae, olfactory

How long is pharynx?

12.5cm

What opens into the pharynx?

nasal cavities, mouth, esophagus, larynx, auditory tubes

What are pharyngeal tonsils?

(Adenoids when swollen) - posterior wall of nasopharynx.

Function of pharynx?

passageway, air distrubution

Where is the larynx located?

between pharynx and trachea

Two things in larynx?

1. adams apple

2. epiglosttis

functions of larynx?

passage for air to move and from lungs, voice production

Wheres the trachea?

from larynx to the bronchi in thoracic cavity

Function of trachea?

Transports air to and from the pharynx to the bronchi

blockage of airway

Functions of bronchi and bronchioles

Air transport

Clean, warm, and humidify incoming air

Cleansing activity of cilia damaged by smoking leading to the development of smoker's cough

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes

What's the parietal pleura?

the inner layer of the thoracic wall

What's the visceral pleura?

serous membrane that covers lungs

What's the intraplueral space?

between parietal and visceral pleura

What's pleurisy?

inflammation of pleura

What's a pneumothorax?

air in the intrapleural space

What's external respiration?

exchange of gas between air in lungs and blood

What's internal respiration?

Gas exchange between blood and body cells.

What's cellular respiration?

process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen- mitochondria

What are the inspiratory muscles?

diaphragm and external intercostals

What's inspiration?

breathing in

What's expiration?

breathing out

What are expiratory muscles?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

What's the concentration gradient of oxygen?

area of high to low concentration

What's passive diffusion?

The movement of drug molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

What are the two forms of oxygen in the blood?

dissolved oxygen (2%) & oxyhemoglobin

What's tidal volume?

amount of air exchanged (in and out) during a cycle

What's vital capacity?

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

Whats expiratory reserve volume?

The extra amount of air you can force out of your lungs over and above the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

What's inspiratory reserve volume?

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal respiration

What's residual volume?

air that remains in lungs after forced expiration

What's rate?

average: 12-18bpm

Where are the most important central regulatory centers?

medulla

What's eupnea?

normal breathing

What's hyperventilation?

rapid and deep respirations

What's hypoventilation?

slow and shallow respirations

What's dyspnea?

difficult or labored breathing

What's apnea?

absence of breathing

What's respiratory arrest?

failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea