Chapter 1 The Human Body—BSC 2085

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Last updated 2:06 AM on 9/6/26
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38 Terms

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Anatomy
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
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Gross/Macroscopic anatomy
The study of body structures that can be seen without a microscope.
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Microscopic anatomy
The study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
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Physiology
The study of how the body and its parts function.
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Principle of Complementarity
Structure determiens and complements function; what a body part can do depends on its form.
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Chemical Level of Organization
The simplest level of organization, consisting of atoms and molecules that make up cells and body structures.
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Cellular Level of Organization
The level of organization consisting of cells, the basic structural and funtional units of the body.
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Tissue Level of Organization
A group of two or more similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
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Organ Level of Organization
A structure made of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function.
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Organ System Level of Organization
A group of organs that work together to perform major body functions.
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Organism Level of Organization
The highest level of organization, consisting of all organ systems functioning together as one living human.
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Core life functions
Essential processes required to maintain life, including maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
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Integumentary system
Protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, prevents water loss, and provides sensory information.
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Skeletal system
Provides support and protectino, enables movement with muscles, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
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Muscular system
Produces body movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.
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Nervous system
Detects changes in the body and environment and rapidly coordinates responses through electrical signals.
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Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord; processes information and coordinates responses.
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Peripheral nervous system
All nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord; carries information to and from the CNS.
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Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles and carries sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints.
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Autonomic nervous system
Regulates involuntary functions of organs, glands, and smooth and cardiac muscles.
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Sympathetic nervous system
Prepares the body for stressful or demanding situations by increasing activities such as heart rate and breathing.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
Promotes resting functions such as digestion and conserves energy.
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Endocrine system
Producues hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and otehr body processes.
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Cardiovascular system
Circulates blood to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body.
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Lymphatic system
Returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream, transports absorbed fats, and helps defend the body against pathogens.
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Respiratory system
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
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Digestive system
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and water, and eliminates indigestible waste.
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Urinary system
Removes wastes from the blood and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
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Reproductive system
Produces sex cells and hormones and enables reproduction.
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Survival needs of the human body
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
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Homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes inside or outside the body.
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Homeostatic control mechanisms
Processes that detect changes in internal conditions and produce responses that maintain homeostasis.
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Stimulus
A change in a controlled condition that causes a response.
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Receptor
A structure that detects a stimulus and sends information to the integrating center.
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Integrating center
Processes information from the receptor and determines an appropriate response.
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Effector
A muscle, gland, or other structure that carries out the response directed by the integrating center.
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Negative feedback mechanism
A control mechanism in which the response reverses or reduces the original stimulus, helping restore homeostasis.
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Positive feedback mechanism
A control mechanism in which the response strengthens or amplifies the original stimulus until a specific event is completed.